Chapter 7 - Heat

Science for X
 Agenda

 Heat Engines
 External combustion engine
 Internal combustion engine
 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine
 Efficiency of heat engine
 Advantages of Internal combustion engine
 Application of Heat Engines

• It is customary to cool liquids such as fruit juice by adding a

piece of ice. The required heat for melting of ice is taken from
the juice
• The high latent heat of steam is useful in working of a steam
engine
• Have you observed that water in an earthen pot gets cooled
after sometime? So how does it happen?
– The pot has number of poles in its wall. Water oozes out
through these pores and evaporates by taking heat from
water. Thus the water is cooled
 Heat Engines

• Thomas Savery in 1698 patented an early

steam engine
• Use: His steam engine was extensively used
for pumping water out of mines and also to lit
water from wells
 Experiment

• So How is heat is converted to mechanical

energy?
• Small Experiment
– Take some water in test tube and close it with cork
– Heat the test tube and when the water boils the
cork flies off
• The steam produced inside the test tube after some
time exerts pressure on the cork and the cork flies off
 Heat Engine

• Heat engine is a system that works on the principle of

converting the thermal energy to mechanical energy
• Types of Heat Engine

Heat Engine

External Combustion Internal combustion

Engine Engine
 External Combustion Engine

Steam Engine Parts

Boiler

Inlet Valve

Piston Crankshaft

Cylinder
Pump Connecting Rod

Outlet Valve

Condenser
 External Combustion Engine

• Operating Principle
– The steam engine basically consists of two strokes
of operation that is required to convert the heat
energy to mechanical energy namely –
• Expansion stroke
• Exhaust stroke
 External Combustion Engine

Expansion Stroke Boiler

Steam

• In this cycle, the water in the boiler is

heated Inlet Valve

• The generated steam gets to the Crankshaft

Piston
cylinder using the inlet valve Heat

• The expanding steam forces the Cylinder

Pump
piston to move outwards as shown Connecting Rod

• During this stroke, the outlet valve Outlet Valve

remains closed

Water

Condenser
 External Combustion Engine

Exhaust stroke Boiler

Steam

• As the piston moved inwards,

the outlet valve opens
• The used steam is pushed into Inlet Valve closes
Crankshaft
the condenser Heat
Piston

• As such this cycle repeats

Cylinder
• The inlet valve will be closed Pump Connecting Rod

Outlet Valve opens

Water

Condenser
 External Combustion Engine

De-merits
• Steam engines are bulkier
• Major portion of heat energy wasted
• Engines cannot be started instantaneously as getting steam
at high temperature is time consuming
• Risk of accidents due to bursting of boiler very high
 Internal Combustion Engine

• The limitations of the external combustion engine led to

the development of internal combustion engine
• As name suggests, the combustion of the fuel takes place
inside the cylinder itself, hence named internal combustion
engine
• Internal Combustion engines – types:

Internal combustion engine

Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

 Internal Combustion Engine – Petrol Engine
Outlet Valve will be
closed
Intake Stroke Inlet Valve Opens

Fuel Mixture
enters

• The Piston moves away from the

cylinder head
• This results in low pressure inside the
cylinder and the inlet valve opens
Piston
• The fuel mixture from the carburetor
enters the cylinder
• The outlet valve remains closed
during this stroke

Intake Stroke
 Internal Combustion Engine – Petrol Engine
Outlet Valve remains
Compression Stroke Inlet Valve Closed
closed

• The fuel mixture is compressed by Fuel mixture

compressed
the piston moving towards the head
• Both the inlet and outlet valve
remains closed Piston

Compression Stroke
 Internal Combustion Engine – Petrol Engine
Outlet Valve remains
Power Stroke Inlet Valve Closed
closed

• The compressed mixture is ignited by

the spark generated by the spark plug v Fuel mixture
• The resulting product of combustion Ignited by
spark plug
consisting of carbon dioxide (CO2 )
and water vapor expands suddenly
• This causes the piston to be pushed
outwards with greater forces Piston
• Even in this stroke both the valves pushed
outwards
remains closed

Power Stroke
 Internal Combustion Engine – Petrol Engine
Inlet Valve remains
Closed
Exhaust Stroke Outlet Valve opens

• The exhaust valve opens Exhaust

gases
• The piston moves upwards
• The waste (burnt) gases are through
the exhaust (outlet) valve
Piston moves
• The inlet valve remains closed upwards

Exhaust stroke
 Internal Combustion engine - Diesel

• Diesel engine is similar to petrol engine except that the fuel

injunction is fitted in place of spark plug
• A carburetor is not required in a diesel engine
• Working cycle of diesel engine also consists of four strokes
– Intake stroke
– Compression stroke
– Power stroke
– Exhaust stroke
 Internal Combustion Engine Petrol Vs Diesel
Spark plug ignites Fuel mixture is Fuel mixture
Burnt fuel exits through
the fuel mixture compressed enters the valve
the exhaust valve

Petrol Engine

Exhaust stroke Power stroke Compression stroke Intake stroke

Fuel is injected to the

Burnt fuel exits through cylinder and hot air Air is compressed Air enters through
the exhaust valve burns the fuel the inlet valve

Diesel Engine

Exhaust stroke Power stroke Compression stroke Intake stroke

 Efficiency of Heat Engine

• Efficiency of an engine is defined as the fraction of heat

that is converted to useful mechanical work
• It is usually represented as percentage
Work Done
Efficiency = X 100
Heat Supplied

• Efficiency of petrol engine is about 40%

• Efficiency of steam is about 15 %
Advantages of Internal Combustion Engine over External Combustion Engine

• Efficiency of internal combustion engine is greater

than external combustion engine
• Internal combustion engine can be started
instantaneously
• Internal combustion engine can be manufactured in
different sizes and can be fitted to small machines
• There is no risk of accidents due to storage of material
in high pressure

Used in
Back Up slides
 External Combustion Engine
Steam Engine –Expansion stroke
Boiler
Steam

Inlet Valve

Piston Crankshaft
Heat

Cylinder
Pump Connecting Rod

Outlet Valve

Water

Condenser
 External Combustion Engine

Steam Engine Exhaust stroke

Boiler
Steam

Inlet Valve

Piston Crankshaft
Heat

Cylinder
Pump Connecting Rod

Outlet Valve

Water

Condenser
Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Spark plug ignites Fuel mixture is Fuel mixture
Burnt fuel exits through
the fuel mixture compressed enters the valve
the exhaust valve

Petrol Engine

Exhaust stroke Power stroke Compression stroke Intake stroke

Fuel is injected to the

Burnt fuel exits through cylinder and hot air Air is compressed Air enters through
the exhaust valve burns the fuel the inlet valve

Diesel Engine

Exhaust stroke Power stroke Compression stroke Intake stroke