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Risk Factors for Postoperative

Nausea and Vomiting

Review Article

Anesth Analg 2006;102;1884-98


• PONV - most frequent side effect
Unselected inpatients -> 30%
고 위험군 -> 70% 이상

• In a preoperative survey,
emesis -> the most undesirable
nausea -> the fourth most undesirable of 10 negativ
e outcomes
(pain -> third)

• 하지만 , 대다수의 환자는 예방이 없어도 PONV 가


발생하지 않기 때문에 예방이 필요 없다 .
부작용을 일으킬 수 있고 노력과 비용이 필요할 수 있다
.
universal efficacy 가 부족
(monotherapy)
• 따라서 PONV 를 경험할 것 같은 환자에서 예방하는
것이 중요
- combination therapy or "multimodal management"
( 가장 효과적인 방법이지만 , 비용이 많이 들 수 있고
부작용이 더 발생할 수 있음 )

• PONV 의 risk factor 에 대한 지식이 필요함

• PONV 의 risk factor 에 대한 이해는 불완전함


- multifactorial nature of PONV (<- multiple receptor,
stimuli 와 관련 )
- PONV 와 관련있는 neurotransmitter -> serotonin, d
opamine, muscarine, acetylcholine, neurokinin-1, h
istamine, and opioids
- vestibular-cochlear, glossopharyngeal, or vagus n
erves 의 stimulation 도 관련됨
Definition and Classification of PONV

• nausea - subjective sensation of an urge to vomit,


in the absence of expulsive muscular movements
( 심할 때 -> increased salivary secretion,
vasomotor disturbances, and sweating)

• Vomiting or emesis - the forcible expulsion through


the mouth of the gastric contents

• Retching - an unproductive effort to vomit

• Retching + vomiting -> emetic episodes


• early - occuring up to 2 to 6 hr after surgery
late - occurring up to 24 or 48 hr

• early 와 late 는 어느 정도 다른 기전을 갖고 있음


- volatile anesthetics -> early PONV
- opioid-induced symptom, motion sickness -> late
PONV
Risk Factor for PONV

Overview

• single potential factor -> multiple risk factor


• potential risk factors may be classified
as patient-, surgery-, or anesthesia-related
as fixed or variable
• most patient and surgical technique-related factors
-> fixed
• some other surgery-related factors and some
anesthesia-related factors -> variable

Key Risk Factor Findings to Date

• well established, possible, disproved


Patient-Related Factors

• strongest risk factor -> female gender from


puberty on
(2-4 배의 증가된 PONV risk 를 보임 )
• prepubescent girls 에서는 PONV 가 잘 발생하지
않음 (hormonal factor 와 관련됨을 의미 )
• early stage of the menstrual cycle -> disproved
• nonsmoking status -> 1.5-2.5 배
history of PONV, motion sickness -> 1.8-3.1 배
• childhood after infancy and younger adulthood ->
independent PONV risk factors
( 하지만 age 는 risk scoring system 에서 minority
에 속함 )
• Possible risk factors

• Disproved risk factors


Surgery-Related Factors

• increasing duration of surgery - independent PONV


risk factor
• type of surgery - controversial
• Possible risk factors
Anesthesia-Related Factors

• Well established risk factor


• Possible risk factors

• Disproved risk factors


Limitation of Modern Research and Suggestions for fu
ture investigation

• Five limitation
1) epidemiological approach -> genetic and other mo
lecular biological patient characteristics have not b
een extensively examined
2) the difficulty of controlling for subtle clinical factor
s
3) variation in outcomes and data collection methods
(nausea 와 emetic episode 는 pathophysiological d
ifferences
nausea -> subjective feeling and a conscious corti
cal activity
emetic episode -> autonomic reflex, brainstem
에서 조절 )
Stadler et al.
- female gender, nonsmoking status, use of postope
rative morphine analgesia, general versus regional
anesthesia, and urological versus ENT procedures
-> independent predictors of both symptoms
- abdominal or gynecological versus ENT procedure
s and Hx of migraine -> significant or near-signific
ant predictors only for nausea

한편 , nausea 없이 vomiting 하는 경우는 드물기


때문에 nausea 를 potential vomiting 을 위한 sympt
om 으로 봐야 한다는 의견도 있음

recorded or volunteered symptoms


특정 질문에 대한 대답으로 정의
antiemetics 를 사용한 경우로 정의
4) 대부분의 연구가 adult inpatients 를 대상으로 함
outpatients 와 children 에 대한 연구는 적다

5) difficulty in seperating "true" from "surrogate" risk f


actors
Clinical Application of Risk Factor Findings

Scoring systems

• to identify independent PONV risk factors + to deve


lop formulas quantifying a given patient's likelihood
of suffering nausea, emetic events, or both

• only poor to moderate accuracy

• 하지만 antiemetic intervention 을 조정하는데


사용되어 PONV 의 발생이 현격히 감소함
( 특히 , 고 위험군에서 )

• low risk patients 에서 불필요한 비용과 side effects


를 감소시킴
• "gold standard" 로 평가되는 scoring system 은 아직
없음
• simplication and increased user-friendliness

Apfel et al
Koivuranta et al.

Elberhart et al.
• 4-item simplified scoring system for children
Van den Bosch et al.
• "semi-simplification » 

• simplified scoring systems 은 복잡한 계산과 상세한


history-taking 을 방지할 수 있지만 , more complex f
ormulas 에 비해 discriminating power 는 동등하거나
더 좋다 .
Clinical and Research Implication

• modern multivariable risk factor studies 는 PONV 의


multifatorial nature 에 대한 믿음을 강화시켰고 "multi
modal approach" 를 발전시켰다
- multimodal approach -> risk factor reduction + pro
phylaxis with antiemetics

• "low", "moderate", "high", or "extremely high-risk"


- low risk patients 에서는 antiemetic prophylaxis 가
cost-effective 하지 않음
- moderate, high, extremely high-risk
-> antiemetic prophylaxis (combination therapy),
nonpharmacological intervention, multimodal
management
Conclusions

• Antiemetic prophylaxis 와 multimodal management


strategies 를 위해서는 independent PONV risk facto
r 에 대한 지식이 중요함

• Mordern multivariable studies, meta-analyses, syst


emic review 는 지식을 증가시킴

• 현재 밝혀진 independent risk factors 들은 PONV 가


발생할 것 같은 환자를 예측하는데 사용
• 더 진행되고 있는 유전자 특성이나 outpatients, child
ren 에 대한 조사는 predictive system 을 더욱
향상시킬 것이다

• 이러한 발전은 환자의 risk 정도를 더 잘 파악하게


해주고 PONV 발생을 감소시키며 PONV prophylaxis
의 안전성과 cost-effectiveness 를 향상시킬 것임

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