Introduction into Urban Air Quality in

Asia: Status, Impact and its

Management
Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian
Head of Secretariat
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

June 2005
Brussels

1
Part 1

Clean Air Initiative for

Asian Cities
(CAI-Asia)

2
CAI-Asia Goals

The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates

innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities
through sharing experiences and building partnerships

• Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality

management
• Capacity building
• Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the
regional level
• Assisting cities in formulating and implementing
integrated air quality management systems
• Piloting projects to encourage innovation

“Creating an Air Quality Management

Community in Asia” 3
CAI-Asia Membership
GAs
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India
CITIES Australia Department of Environment and Heritage
Bangkok,Thailand Balochistan EPA, Pakistan
Chiang Mai,Thailand Central Pollution Control Board, India 54 NGOs
Department of Environment, Bangladesh
Chengdu,PRC Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India and
Chittagong,Bangladesh Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
Chongqing,PRC Department of Energy, Philippines Academic
Colombo,Sri Lanka
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines
Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Institutions
Guangzhou,PRC
Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Japan
Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong, SAR in the
Haiphong, Viet Nam
Hangzhou,PRC
Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan
Ministry of Environment, Cambodia
Region
Hanoi,Viet Nam Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
Harbin,PRC Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Pollution Control Department, Thailand
Hyderabad, India State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point)
Islamabad,Pakistan Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam
Kathmandu,Nepal
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES FULL PRIVATE SECTOR
Lahore, Pakistan
Makati,Philippines Asian Development Bank Member
Metro Manila, Philippines Australian Department for Ford Motor Co. Shell
Mumbai, India Environment and Heritage Clean Diesel Tech. Inc.
Naga,Philippines German Agency for Technical
Phnom Penh,Cambodia
Pune, India
Cooperation ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR
Singapore, (NEA) The William and Flora Hewlett Member
Surabaya,Indonesia Foundation AVL Corning ACFA
Tianjin,PRC United States-Asia DEKRA ESP Johnson
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Environmental Partnership
Yogyakarta,Indonesia
Cerulean IPIECA Matthey
Sida MAHA SGS 4
World Bank
Part 2

Review of Status of
AQM in Asia
Know more

5
Drivers: Urbanization

Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision

6
Drivers: Population growth
1600.0

1400.0

1200.0
Population millions

East Asia
1000.0
Southeast
Asia
800.0
South Asia
600.0

400.0

200.0

0.0
1980 1990 2000 2002

• More than one billion extra from 1980 – 2002

• South Asia growing most rapidly 7
Drivers: Motorization

600

500

400

300

200 U.S. Current Level

100

0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Vehicle growth
scenario China 8
Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004 Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce Vehicle Emissions
Drivers: Increase in 2 & 3 wheelers in Asia
10,000,000 40,000,000

Bangladesh 2&3 wheelers Indonesia

35,000,000
Thailand 2&3 wheelers
Cambodia
30,000,000 India
Hongkong, China
PRC
8,000,000 Japan 25,000,000

Korea, Republic of
20,000,000
Malaysia
15,000,000
Pakistan 2&3 wheelers
6,000,000 Sri Lanka 2&3 wheelers 10,000,000

Viet Nam 5,000,000

The Global Market For New
-
1994 1995 Motorcycles and Mopeds
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
4,000,000
Total: 29792139
The Global North America
3.1%
Market for
Middle East
Oceania
0.4%
0.3%
Latin America
2,000,000 New Europe
3.5%
Africa
0.4%

Motorcycles 7.9%

and Mopeds
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Asia

9
84.4%
Source: CAI-Asia, 2004
Source: Honda Facts & Figures
Drivers: Energy consumption
2003 World Energy Consumption Share
(10.5 billion toe)

Know more

Source: Enerdata, 2005

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004

2003 World Energy Consumption by Source • 1/3 of world energy consumption is

attributed to Asia
• Since 2000, coal share in energy mix
is increasing by 1 percent in lieu of oil
• 57% of the increase from 2002 to
2003 energy use is attributed to China
• 2/3 of the the world coal consumption
increase is located in China, but the
Source: Enerdata, 2005
demand for coal grows almost
everywhere 10
Drivers: Energy consumption
120,000
Primary energy consumption
Energy Intensity, (BTU per 1995 USD Market

China
100,000
India growth
80,000 1990-2001 = 3.0%/a
Exchange Rates)

60,000 2001-2002 = 9.9%

40,000
2002-2003 = 13.2%
20,000
GDP Growth
0
1990-2001 = 9.9%/a
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
2001-2002 = 8.9%
Source: International Energy Annual 2002 by EIA-DOE
2002-2003 = 9.1%
• China has seen great Energy elasticity
improvements in energy intensity 1990-2001 = 0.30
(energy/GDP output) in the past 2001-2002 = 1.11
two decades 2002-2003 = 1.47
• in the more recent years Source: Wu Zongxin, 2005

however, energy consumption is Paper Presented 25 February at the CTI

Industry Joint Seminar on technology Diffusion
of Energy Efficiency in Asian Countries
growing faster than GDP again in Note: Wu is from the 3E Research Institute,
China Tsinghua University.
11
 State: Average Annual Air Pollution Concentration in
selected Asian Cities (2000-2003)
400

350

300

250
concentration in µg/m3

200

150

100

50

0
k g n bo ka oi h ng ta du at
a ila ba
i hi ou
l
ha
i
or
e a a o
ko ijin sa ha an in r
an an el ay in ky
g
Be
u om M Ko ka lk m D S e
an
g ap b h
To
n B l D H i g Ja m o M u
ng ra i,C
Ba C
o C
h
on th K M ew Sh Si Su ipe
H
o H Ka N
Ta

SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979) SPM SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) SO2

PM10 NO2
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997) NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999) 12
Source: CAI-Asia, 2004
State: 2000–2003 compared with 1990–
1999 Air Quality Data
SO2 NO2 SPM PM10 • Most of the cities have
been able to reduce
Bangkok ≥ > < < levels of SO2 to ‘safe’
Beijing < ? ? < levels with the
exception of Beijing and
Busan < > ? ≥ Hanoi
Colombo > < ? ≤
• NO2 levels gradually
Hong Kong > < < < increasing levels and
Kolkata < > < < just above the WHO
guidelines
Manila ? ? < ?
• Almost all cities have
Mumbai < < < < been able to reduce
New Delhi < < < < levels of SPM and PM10
compared to the ’90s
Seoul < > < <
level, however levels
Shanghai < < < ? continue to remain
Taipei,China < < ? > above the guidelines
except those of the
Tokyo < ≤ ? < more developed cities
Notes: ≥ - about 5% increase Source: CAI-Asia Research, 2004
≤ - about 5%decrease
? – data not available 13
State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of SO2
for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003)
Trends of Aggregated Annual Averages of SO for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003) 2

140
Busan Busan Busan Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing
Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Colombo
Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Hong Kong Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Dhaka
120 New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Kolkata Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh Hanoi Dhaka Ho Chi Minh
Seoul Seoul Seoul Mumbai Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh Hanoi Hong Kong
Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai New Delhi Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Kolkata Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh Kolkata
Singapore Singapore Singapore Seoul New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Hong Kong Seoul
Taipei,China Taipei,China Taipei,China Shanghai Seoul Seoul Seoul New Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Shanghai
Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Singapore Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Seoul New Delhi Mumbai Singapore
100 Taipei,China Singapore Singapore Singapore Shanghai Seoul New Delhi Surabaya
Tokyo Taipei,China Taipei,China Taipei,China Singapore Shanghai Seoul Taipei,China
Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Taipei,China Singapore Shanghai Tokyo
3

Tokyo Surabaya Singapore

concentrations in µg/m

Taipei,China Surabaya
80 Tokyo Taipei,China
Tokyo

60

40

20

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
3
SO2 Guideline = 50 µg/m (WHO, 1999)

Notes: Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

• The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical
lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line.
• The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present 14
 State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM
for selected Asian
Trends ofCities
Aggregated(1993 – 2003)
Annual Averages of SPM for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003)

600 Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok
Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Hanoi Hanoi Hong Kong
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hanoi Hong Kong Hong Kong Kolkata
550 Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Hong Kong Jakarta Kolkata Manila
Manila Manila Manila Manila Manila Manila Manila Jakarta Kolkata Manila Mumbai
Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Mumbai Kolkata Manila Mumbai New Delhi
500 New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Manila Mumbai New Delhi Shanghai
Seoul Seoul Seoul Seoul Seoul Seoul Seoul Mumbai New Delhi Shanghai
Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai New Delhi Seoul
450 Seoul Shanghai
Shanghai

400
concentrations in µg/m 3

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)

Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

Notes:
• The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by
the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most
part of the line.
• The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present
15
 State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of PM10
for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003)
Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of PM 10 for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003)

300 Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok

Hong Kong Hong Kong Busan Busan Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok
Mumbai Mumbai Hong Kong Hong Kong Busan Busan Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing Beijing
New Delhi New Delhi Mumbai Mumbai Hong Kong Colombo Busan Busan Busan Busan Colombo
Singapore Singapore New Delhi New Delhi Kolkata Hong Kong Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Hanoi
Taipei,China Taipei,China Seoul Seoul Mumbai Kolkata Hong Kong Hanoi Hanoi Hanoi Ho Chi Minh
Tokyo Tokyo Singapore Singapore New Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh Hong Kong
250 Taipei,China Taipei,China Seoul New Delhi Mumbai Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Jakarta
Tokyo Tokyo Singapore Seoul New Delhi Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Kolkata
Taipei,China Singapore Seoul Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata Manila
Tokyo Taipei,China Singapore Mumbai Mumbai Manila Mumbai
Tokyo Taipei,China New Delhi New Delhi Mumbai New Delhi
Tokyo Seoul Seoul New Delhi Shanghai
200 Shanghai Shanghai Seoul Singapore
concentrations in µg/m 3

Singapore Singapore Shanghai Surabaya

Taipei,China Surabaya Singapore Taipei,China
Tokyo Taipei,China Surabaya Tokyo
Tokyo Taipei,China
Tokyo
150

100

50

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
Notes: Source: CAI-Asia, 2004
• The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical
lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line.
• The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present
16
State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of NO2
for selected Asian
Trends ofCities
Aggregated(1993 – 2003)
Annual Averages of NO for selected Asian Cities (1993 - 2003) 2

80
Busan Busan Busan Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok Bangkok
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Busan Colombo
Seoul Seoul Seoul Hong Kong Hong Kong Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Colombo Dhaka
Singapore Singapore Singapore Seoul Seoul Hong Kong Hong Kong Hanoi Hanoi Dhaka Hong Kong
70
Taipei,China Taipei,China Taipei,China Singapore Shanghai Seoul Seoul Hong Kong Hong Kong Hanoi Jakarta
Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo Taipei,China Singapore Shanghai Shanghai Jakarta Jakarta Hong Kong Shanghai
Tokyo Taipei,China Singapore Singapore Seoul Seoul Jakarta Singapore
Tokyo Taipei,China Taipei,China Shanghai Shanghai Seoul Surabaya
Tokyo Tokyo Singapore Singapore Shanghai Taipei,China
60 Taipei,China Surabaya Singapore Tokyo
Tokyo Taipei,China Surabaya
Tokyo Taipei,China
Tokyo
50
concentration in µg/m
3

40

30

20

10

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
3
NO2 Guideline = 40 µg/m (WHO, 1999)

The high variability

Notes:
• The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by and wide range of
the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most
part of the line. values requires
• The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present
additional analysis
17
State: Ambient versus Roadside
Bangkok Air Quality Trends (1993 – 2003)
600
Roadside SPM Ambient SPM
500
Roadside PM10 Ambient PM10
3

400
concentrations in µg/m

300

200

100

0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Note: SPM ambient annual standards = 100 µg/m3
18
PM10 ambient annual standards = 50 µg/m3
State: Ambient versus Roadside
Hong Kong Air Quality (PM10) Trends (1993 – 2003)
100

90

80

70
concentrations in µg/m3

60

50

40

30

20
Ambient PM10
10 Roadside PM10
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Note: PM10 ambient annual standards = 55 µg/m3
19
State: Ambient versus Roadside
Ho Chi Minh City Air Quality (PM10) Trends (2000 – 2003)

140

120

100
concentrations in µg/m3

80

60

40
Roadside PM10
20
Ambient PM10

0
2000 2001 2002 2003

Note: No standards for PM10

20
 Ambient Air Quality in Major
Asian Cities
350 350
Bangkok (1992 – 2003) Hong Kong (1992 – 2003)
300 300

250 250
3
concentrations in µg/m

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
SPM PM10 NO2 CO O3 SPM PM10 SO2 CO NO2 O3
Source: PCD, 2004 Source: Hong Kong EPB, 2004

350
350
Shanghai (1992 – 2003) New Delhi (1992 – 2003)
300
300

250
c o n c e n tra tio n s in µ g /m

250
3

200
200

150
150

100
100

50
50

0
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
SPM PM10 SO2 NO 2
SPM RSPM SO2 NOx
Source: Shanghai EMC, 2004
Source: ESMAP, 2004
21
Note: Levels of SPM are all above 350 µg/m3
Impacts: Health Effects

Health Effects Exposure Risks

Number of Premature Deaths 0.7
Risks Global Asian 0.6
Estimate Estimate

Percent Increase
0.5
0.4 0.46 0.62 0.5
Unsafe 1,730,000 730,000 0.3
Water 0.2
0.1
Urban 799,000 487,000
0
Outdoor Air
US (90 Cities)* Eur (21 Asia (6
Indoor Air 1,619,000 1,025,000 Studies)* Studies)

Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003

Source: WHO, 2002

Exposed to Exposed to
diesel exhaust clean air
Source: NIES, www.nies.go.jp
22
Impacts: Epidemiological studies and
Health Costs
Percent Change in Mean Number of Daily
Deaths from all causes per 10 µg/m3 increase in
24-hr mean level of PM10 Source: HEI, 2004
Health Costs per year
• Manila (2001)1 : Chronic bronchitis
(8,439) and excess deaths
associated with PM10 (1,915) costs
US$392M
• Shanghai (2000)2: Chronic bronchitis
(15,188) and premature deaths
(7,261) associated with PM10 costs
US$880M
• Bangkok (2000)3: Chronic bronchitis
(1,092) and excess deaths (4,550)
associated with PM10 costs US$424M
• India (2002)4: estimated annual
health damage of pre-Euro emissions
for the 25 Indian cities were from a
low of US $14 million (Rs.679 crore)
to a high of US $ 191.6 million
• Jakarta (1998)5: estimated health
effects from PM10 only is US$ 100
million
Source:
1 Worldbank (2002) Philippines Environment Monitor 2002
2 Chen et.al. (2002) Integrated Risk Assessment on Human Health &
Ambient Air Pollution – Shanghai
3 Worldbank (2002) Thailand Environment Monitor 2002
4 Mashelkar Committee (2002) India Auto Fuel Policy Report
23
5 Worldbank (2003) Indonesia Environment Monitor
Response: Benchmarking AQM Capacity

1. Air quality 2. Data AQM Profile

measurement assessment 15-20 page document:
capacity and • General information
availability • Description of pollution sources
• Air Quality Data
4. • Impacts of air pollution
3. Emissions Management • Policies, Programs and Projects
estimates enabling • Conclusions
capabilities

25 scores each
1992 MARC/UNEP/WHO
AQM Indices applied to 84 cities

Cities covered in Benchmarking

Study
Bangkok Jakarta Shanghai
Review
Beijing Kathmandu Surabaya Both city profile and
Busan
Colombo
Manila
Mumbai
Singapore
Taipei
questionnaire have
Dhaka New Delhi Tokyo been reviewed by air
Hanoi Kolkata quality experts in the
Hong Kong Seoul city
Ho Chi Minh Shanghai 24
Response: Benchmarking AQM Capacity

AQM Indicator Ratings

Data
Air quality Managemen
assessment Emissions
measuremen t enabling
and estimates
t capacity capabilities
availability

Assesses the Assesses how air Assesses emission Asseses the

ambient air data is processed to inventories administrative and
monitoring taking value and provide undertaken to legislative framework
place in a city and information in a determine the extent through which
the accuracy and decision-relevant to which decision- emission control
precision and format. It also relevant information strategies are
representativeness of assesses the extent is available about introduced to
the data collected to which there is source pollution in manage air quality
access to air quality the city
information and data
through different
media

25
 Overall index
Ba

100

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ng
ko
Be k
ijin
Bu g

Measurement
Co sa n
lo
Ne mb
w o
De
l
Dh hi
ak
a
Ho Ha
C no
h i
Ho i M
ng inh
Ko
Ja ng
Ka ka
th rta

Data assessment & availability

m
an
d
M Ko u
et lka
ro t
M a
an
M ila
Response: Overall AQM Capability

um
ba
Se i
Emission estimates Sh ou
an l
Si g h
ng ai
a
Su p or
ra e
Ta ba
ip y a
ei
Ci
t
To y
Management tools

ky
o
26
Response: AQ Monitoring Capacity in Asia

City Manual Continuous City Manual Continuous

Bangkok 21 Kolkata 12 5
Beijing 24 Manila 12 5
Busan 14 Mumbai 22
Colombo 1 Osaka 14
Delhi 11Status of AQ Seoul 27
Dhaka monitoring 1 Shanghai 23 21
Hanoi 7in Asia Singapore 16
Ho Chi Minh 9 Surabaya 5
Hong Kong 14 Taipei 19
Jakarta 1 5 Tokyo 82
Kathmandu 6 Yogyakarta 6

Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and
Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft)

27
Response: AQ data analysis in Asia

City
Emissions Inventory • Many cities have initiated
domestic comm'l power indust'l mobile Summary
development of Emission
Bangkok      yes
Inventories
Beijing      yes
Busan      yes BUT
Colombo no • Level of detail/
Delhi    limited
disaggregation varies
Dhaka  1998 only
Hanoi    limited
greatly
Ho Chi Minh  limited • Reliability of activity data
Hong Kong      yes on which inventories are
Jakarta      yes based and Emission factors
Kathmandu      yes used is questionable for
Kolkata    limited many of the cities
Manila      yes • Inventories in many of the
Mumbai      yes
cases were conducted by
Osaka      yes
Seoul      yes
outside groups: academe
Shanghai      yes or consulting firms
Singapore
Surabaya 








limited, NDA
yes
CAUTION
Taipei      yes
in formulating AQM
Tokyo      yes policies based on
Yogyakarta      yes, NDA current Emission
Inventories
28
Response: Ambient Air Quality Standards
Country Pollutants Remarks
• Most countries have
Bangladesh TSP, CO, NOx, 1997 standards established for a few pollutants depending on land
and SO2 use category; new standards are pending approval
more lenient
China TSP, PM10, CO, Standards require cities to comply with Class I, II, or III standards.
standards than those
SO2, NO2, Pb Class I standards more stringent than the WHO and USEPA limits prescribed by WHO
Hong Kong TSP, PM10, CO, Standards less stringent than WHO and USEPA limits and USEPA
SO2, NO2, Pb, O3

India TSP, PM10, CO, Established based on different land-use categories i.e. industrial, • Standards for PM10
SO2, NO2, Pb residential and sensitive areas. have been largely
Indonesia TSP, PM10, CO, National and local (Jakarta) standards less stringent that WHO; PM based on USEPA
SO2, NO2, O3, Pb limits less stringent than USEPA
limits
Japan CO, NO2, O3, Comparable and to some extent more stringent than WHO
SO2, TSP guidelines with the exception of CO limits for an 8-hour exposure. • There is a need to
Nepal TSP, PM10, CO, Established only in 2003; standards less stringent than WHO; PM review current PM
SO2, NO2, Pb, limits less stringent than USEPA
C6H6 standards,
Pakistan No legislated ambient air quality standards considering Europe’s
Philippines TSP, PM10, CO, based and comparable to WHO and USEPA (for PM10). Standards
move to 50µg/m3
SO2, NO2, O3, Pb more lenient, selecting the higher/max allowable limits limit for 24-hour
Singapore PM10, CO, SO2, Despite adopting only both WHO guidelines and USEPA limits, averages of PM10
NO2, O3 Singapore PSI reporting is very efficient
Sri-Lanka TSP, CO, SO2, TSP standards twice more lenient than USEPA, No annual standard
• Standards for other
NO2, O3, Pb for SO2, 24-hour limit for SO2, a slightly lenient O3 and NO2 air toxics e.g
compared with USEPA and WHO, respectively benzene should be
Thailand TSP, PM10, CO,
SO2, NO2, O3, Pb
TSP twice more lenient than USEPA; SO2 and CO almost same as legislated
USEPA limit, stringent NO2 compared to WHO
Vietnam TSP, CO, SO2, Hourly limits for NO2 and CO are more lenient than WHO, no PM10
NO2, O3, Pb standards, the rest of the standards are almost same as WHO
29
Response: Institutionalizing Vehicle
Emissions Standards (new light duty vehicles)
Country 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
European
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
Union
Bangladesh Euro 2 (under discussion)
Hong Kong,
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
China
a
India Euro 1 Euro 2 E3
b
India E1 Euro 2 Euro 3
Indonesia Euro 2
Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2 E4
Nepal Euro 1
Philippines Euro 1
a
PRC Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3
c
PRC Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3
e
Singapore Euro 1 Euro 2
g
Singapore Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4
Sri Lanka Euro 1
Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieseld
Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro4
e
Viet Nam Euro 1 Euro 2 E3
f
Viet Nam Euro 1 Euro 2 E3
a Entire country
b Delhi and other cities; Euro 2 introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in 2001; Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be introduced in Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad in 2005
c Beijing and Shanghai
d Gasoline vehicles under consideration
e for gasoline vehicles
f for diesel vehicles
g for all types of diesel vehicles

* italicized – to be confirmed
Source: CAI-Asia, 2005 30
Response: Institutionalizing Fuel Quality
Standards
Country Current Status Future Directions
Bangladesh Euro 1 under discussion No dialogue or plans to move beyond Euro 1
Cambodia No formal standards, still No roadmap in place
leaded
China Euro 3 - Beijing and Shanghai 11th Five Year Plan laying out road map for Euro 3 and
Euro 2 - Rest of the country Euro 4 for entire country
Hong Kong SAR Euro 4 in place ULSD and Euro 5 (diesel) under consideration for 2007
India Euro 3 for Metro’s and Euro 2 Euro 4 for Metros and Euro 3 for the rest of country
for the rest of the country under discussion
Indonesia Euro 2 (?) Euro 3 gasoline by 2006 & Euro 3 diesel after 2010
Japan Euro 4 Equivalent (S 50ppm) Ultra-low sulfur gasoline and diesel 2007
Korea Ultra-low sulfur gasoline and diesel by 2007?
Malaysia Euro 2 by 2005 Euro 4 by 2009-2010
Nepal Euro 1; still partly leaded No structured discussion on how to move ahead
Philippines Euro 1; 500 ppm sulfur diesel Euro 2 mid 2005. Initial discussions on Euro 4 by 2010.
Singapore Euro 2 in place Euro 4 diesel in 2006, no plans for gasoline
Sri-Lanka Euro 1 in place No roadmap in place
Thailand Euro 3 gasoline and Euro 2 for Euro 4 for 2009 with discussion ongoing on ULSD in
Diesel some locations
Vietnam Euro 3 in 2009 announced and Euro 2 in 2007 and Euro 4 in 2010 under discussion and
31
under discussion tentatively scheduled for July 2005
Part 4

CAI-Asia Programs

32
Phase 2 CAI-Asia: 2005 - 2007
Goals

 Regional Coordination and Cooperation on Air

Quality Management firmly established in Asia
 Asian countries ability manage air quality is
improved
 Air quality is improved

Results

 Improved scientific understanding of air pollution in Asia

 Better policies for air quality management in Asia
 Strengthened air quality governance in Asia
 Improved implementation of air quality management
policies and programs
33
Summary of Results – Phase 1
Knowledge Management

Website:
http://cleanairnet.org/caiasia

 Largest on-line information

source on AQM in Asia
 Over 1100 daily visitors
 High client satisfaction
according to CAI-Asia
evaluation
Listserv:
“CAI-Asia has provided a
platform and bulletin board
where air quality management
issues can be actively
discussed” CAI-Asia Evaluation Report 2004
34
To join, send a blank email to: join-cai-asia@lists.worldbank.org
Summary of Results – Phase 1
Capacity Building

 CATNet-Asia: Partnership of World Bank, USEPA and Pollution

Control Department Thailand to strengthen capacity to deliver air
quality management training
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/propertyvalue-19618.html
 Distance Learning Course: World Bank Institute Program to
deliver Air Quality Management training
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/propertyvalue-19618.html
 Fuel Quality Strategies Training Workshop: ADB – IFQC
program to strengthen capacity of Asian countries to develop
fuel quality improvement strategies
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58140.html
 ‘South-South’ Exchange Program: Exchange of experiences
among CAI-Asia member cities and organizations

35
Summary of Results – Phase 1
Regional Cooperation

 Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management

in Asia: Joint activity with APMA Project to develop a high
level conceptual approach to air quality management by
Asian Cities. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58180.html
 Dialogue among other Regional Initiatives/
Institutions with AQM Component: Annual dialogue
to promote the development and adoption common
agendas on air quality management in Asia.
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58414.html
 Benchmarking Study on UAQM Capability of
selected Asian cities - 2nd Stage: Assessment of air
quality management capabilities among 20 Asian cities
Initial Results - http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59072.html
 CAI-Asia – Oil Industry Dialogue for Cleaner Fuels
in Asia: Dialogue aimed to result in a joint roadmap for
cleaner transportation fuels in Asia
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58858.html
36
Summary of Results – Phase 1
Pilot Projects

 Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): $2 million

research and capacity building program to investigate impact of air
pollution on public health in Asian cities
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-48844.html
 Poverty and Air Pollution: Ho Chi Minh based case study to develop
methodology to assess linkage of air pollution and poverty in Asia.
 Developing Integrated Emissions Strategies for Existing Land
Transport (DIESEL): Bangkok based regional program to develop
solutions to reduce emissions from in-use diesel vehicles
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-48845.html
 Partnership for Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia:
Regional Partnership of ADB and EMBARQ to promote sustainable
urban transport in Asia through policy dialogue and indicator
development. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58616.html
 Emission Reduction Potential of Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels in
Asia: Studies in support of CAI-Asia’s activities on fuel quality
improvement. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58109.html

37
Summary of Results – Phase 1
Workshops

 The annual BAQ workshop has developed into an

institution and is now the largest urban air quality
event in Asia.
 Better Air Quality 2002: 16-19 December 2002. Hong Kong,
SAR– Hosted by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and
Environmental Protection Department and supported by the Air
Pollution in the Mega-cities of Asia Project, CAI-Asia, and the
California Air Resources Board
http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-35730.html
 Better Air Quality 2003: 17-19 December 2003. Manila,
Philippines – Hosted by the Air Pollution in the Mega-cities of Asia
Project, the Partnership for Clean Air (Manila), and CAI-Asia
http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/channel.html
 Better Air Quality 2004: 6-8 December 2003. Agra, India.
Hosted by India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests and CAI-
Asia, and jointly organized by the Society of Indian Automobile
Manufacturers, Central Pollution Control Board, and CAI-Asia
http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2004/1527/channel.html

38
BAQ 2006

BAQ 2006
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
September 2006 39