FLUID MECHANICS

PRESENTATION
BY- SHIVAM GAUTAM
B.TECH 2ND YEAR CIVIL
1700668
Topics
Covered
Series and Parallel Branching
Pipes
Moody’s Diagram
Equivalent Pipe Length
 Series And Branching
Circuits
In Several practical situations, flow takes place under
a given head through different pipes joined together
either in series or in parallel or in a combination of
both of them.
 Pipes In Series
If a pipeline is joined to one or more pipelines in continuation, these are said to
constitute pipes in series.
• Since, the rate of flow remains same in each pipe. Hence,
• 𝑄𝐴 =𝑄𝐵 =𝑄𝐶 =𝑄
• Let,
• Total Head at Section 1- 𝐻1
• Total Head at Section 2- 𝐻2
• By, applying Bernoulli’s equation between section 1 and section 2
• 𝐻1 - 𝐻2 = ℎ𝑓
• Where, ℎ𝑓 is loss of head due to the flow from 1 to 2.
 Recognizing the minor and major losses
associated with the flow, ℎ𝑓 can be written as-

Loss due to Loss due to abrupt

Friction Loss in Friction Loss in Friction Loss in
enlargement at contraction at entry to
Pipe A Pipe B Pipe C
entry to pipe B pipe C
 The flow rate Q satisfies the equation-

2 2
𝜋𝐷𝐴 𝜋𝐷𝐵 𝜋𝐷𝑐2
Q= 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐶
4 4 4

4𝑄 4𝑄 4𝑄
Therefore , 𝑉𝐴 = 2 , 𝑉𝐵 = , 𝑉𝐶 =
𝜋𝐷𝐴 𝜋𝐷𝐵2 𝜋𝐷𝐶2

Substituting the values in the equation, we get-

 2 2 2 1
8 𝐿𝐴 8 𝐷𝐴 1 8 𝐿𝐵 8 1 8 𝐿𝐶 2
ℎ𝑓 = [ 2 𝑓A 5 + 1− + 2 𝑓B 5 + 2 −1 + 𝑓 ]𝑄
𝑔𝜋 𝐷𝐴 𝑔𝜋2 2
𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝐴4 𝑔𝜋 𝐷𝐵 𝑔𝜋 𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝑐4 𝑔𝜋2 C 𝐷𝐶5

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Loss due to abrupt
Friction Loss in Loss due to enlargement Friction Loss in Friction Loss in
contraction at entry to
Pipe A at entry to pipe B Pipe B Pipe C
pipe C

2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑅𝑄
where, R= R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
This Equation states that the total flow resistance is equal
to the sum of the difference resistance components.
Therefore, this can be described by an equivalent electrical
circuit as shown in figure
 Pipes In Parallel
When two or more pipes are connected, so that the flow divides
and subsequently comes together again, the pipes are said to be in
parallel.
In this Case, equation of continuity gives Q= 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵

Loss of head between the points

1 and 2 can be expressed by
applying Bernoulli’s equation
either through the path 1-A-2 or
1-B-2

and
Equating the 2 expressions, we get-

Also, Q= 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵

On Solving these equations, we get-

 The flow system can be described by an
equivalent electrical circuit as shown in figure.
Some Important Points
• From the above discussion on flow through branched pipes (pipes in series or in
parallel, or in combination of both), the following principles can be summarized:
• The friction equation must be satisfied for each pipe.
• There can be only one value of head at any point.
• Algebraic sum of the flow rates at any junction must be zero. i.e., the total mass flow
rate towards the junction must be equal to the total mass flow rate away from it.
• Algebraic sum of the products of the flux (Q2) and the flow resistance (the sense being
determined by the direction of flow) must be zero in any closed hydraulic circuit.
• The last 2 principles can be written analytically as-
At a node (Junction)

This equation implies the principle of continuity in a hydraulic

circuit

In a Loop

Whereas this equation is referred to as the pressure equation

of the circuit.
 Equivalent pipe Length
• An equivalent pipe is an imaginary pipe in which the head loss and discharge
are equivalent to the head loss and discharge for the real pipe system. There
are three main properties of a pipe: diameter, length, and roughness. As the
coefficient of roughness, C, decreases the roughness of the pipe decreases.
• Equivalent pipe is a method of reducing a combination of pipes into a simple
pipe system for easier analysis of a pipe network, such as a water
distribution system.
 Moody’s Diagram
• In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram is a graph in non-
dimensional form that relates the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds
number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can
be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
• In 1944, Lewis Ferry Moody plotted the Darcy–Weisbach friction
factor against Reynolds number Re for various values of
relative roughness ε/D. This chart became commonly known as the Moody
Chart or Moody Diagram.
• The chart's purpose was to provide a graphical representation of the
function of C. F. Colebrook in collaboration with C. M. White,[6] which
provided a practical form of transition curve to bridge the transition zone
between smooth and rough pipes, the region of incomplete turbulence.