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CONCRETE

TECHNOLOGY
KU 1

CHAPTER TWO
E.F CEMENT

By: Mosameem, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


Faculty

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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 Introduction to cement
 History of cement
 Manufacture of Portland Cement
 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement
 Hydration of Cement
 Calcium Silicate hydrates
 Tricalcium Aluminate hydrates
 Influence of the compound compositions
 Alkalis
 Tests on Properties of Cement
 Consistency of Standard Paste
 Setting Time
 Soundness
 Strength of Cement
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
INTRODUCTION
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 Cement?
 A material having
cohesive and adhesive
properties.
 Capable of bonding
mineral
 Embraces a large
variety of such kind of
materials

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


INTR….(CONT….)
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 Cement…
 Setting

 Hardening under
water by chemical
reactions
 Hydraulic Cement
 HC, are called natural
cement (silicate and
aluminate of lime)

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


HISTORY
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 Cementing material
 Gypsum (Egypt)
 Lime (Roman & Greeks)
 First
concrete by
Romans
Lime
Water
Sand and
Crushed stone
 Volcanic Ash (Pozzolan)
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
HISTORY … CONT…
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 Cement was invented by


Joseph A. in 1824
 Portland Cement
 PC was produced as:
 Clay (heated)
 Lime stone (omitting CO2)

 Modern Cement by
Issac J. in 1845
 Mixture, clay and
chalk until clinkering
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
Faculty

MANUFACTURE OF OPC
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 The raw materials are generally a mixture of


calcareous (calcium oxide, CaO) and
argillaceous (silica and alumina, SiO2 and
Al2O3).
 Calcium oxide (CaO)
 Sources: Limestone, Shale, Marl, Calcite
(Caco3), Aragonite, Clay, Chalk, etc.
 Silica (SiO2)
 Sources: Clay, Marl, Shale, Sand, Fly ash,
Calcium silicate, etc.
 Alumina (Al2O3)
 Sources: Aluminum-ore refuse, Clay, Fly ash,
Shale, etc.

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
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 Iron (Fe2O3)
 Sources: Iron ore, Clay, Mill scale, Shale,
etc.
 Magnesia (MgO)
 Sources: Cement rock, Limestone, Slag, etc
 Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
 Sources: Calcium sulfate, Anhydrite,
Gypsum, etc.

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
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BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
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BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
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BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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MANUFACTURE…..(CONT….)
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BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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HYDRATION OF CEMENT
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 Due to the presence of water,


Silicates and Aluminates
reactions in time produces
hard mass (Cement-Paste).
 Two Types reactions may
take place:
 Direct or True reaction of
hydration
 Hydrolysis Reaction
http://cnx.org/content/m16445/1.5/

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


HYDRATION OF C……
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 Le Chatelier, found that


the cement hydration
products are chemically
the same as the
hydration products of
individual compounds
 Power, complete
hydration possible where
cement particles smaller
than 50μm, but full Schematic representation of anhydrous cement (a) and the
effect of hydration after (b) 10 minutes, (c) 10 hours, (d) 18
hydration by grinding in hours, (e) 1–3 days, and (f) 2 weeks. Adapted from M. Bishop,
PhD Thesis, Rice University, 2001
water for 5 days. Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate
mineral with formula: Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
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HYDRATION OF C……
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 How to determine cement


hydration? (6)
 Amount of (Ca(HO)2) in paste
 Evolved hydration heat
 Paste Sp. Gravity
 Amount of chemically combined
water
 Amount of unhydrated Cement
 Strength of hydrated cement-
paste

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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HYDRATION OF C……
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 Calcium Silicate Hydrates


 The rate of hydration depends on
the purity of C3S and C2S
 Impure C3S (Alite)
 Impure C2S (Belite)

 The Ratio, C:S differs due to


different test methods, but is near
to 2 and known as C-S-H.
 Where C3S2H3 is the final
product of C3S and C2S
hydration
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
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Heat of Hydration
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BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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HYDRATION OF C…..
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 Tricalcium Aluminate Hydrates


 C3A, leads to immediate stiffening of paste (flash Set)
 Gypsum + C3A = Calcium Sulfoaluminate
 Ca(OH)2 may decrease rate of hydration in C3A

 C3A is undesirable,
 Nothing to strength at later age but only at early-age

 Disrupts hardened paste during sulfate attack, but

 Why needed?
 Acts as a Flux to reduce temperature during Clinker
Burning
 Lime and Silica Combination facilitator (ASTM C150)

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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HYDRATION OF C……
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 The A/S ratio,


determines the
setting
behavior,
according to
following cases,
 A/S low,
normal set
 A/S high,
Consistency low
 C3A high,
Quick set
 No Gypsum,
Flash Set
 C3A low Reactive,
False Set
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
HYDRATION OF C……
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 Simplified Cement Hydration

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


HYDRATION OF C……
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 Simplified Cement Hydration

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


HYDRATION OF C……
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 Methods of Cement-Hydration Determination:


 Thermal Analysis
 Thermo-gravimetric Analysis
 X-ray Diffraction
 C-S-H, gel
 Scanning Electron Microscopy
 Microprobe analyzer
 Home Work: Pls. write a paragraph of 5 lines
each in Pashto/dari about methods stated
above. Due date: 25/02/2017

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


FINENESS OF CEMENT
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 Fineness Affects
rate of hydrations:
in result, (ASTM C115)
 Rapid
development of
strength
 Does not affect
long term
strength

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND
COMPOSITION
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Influence of C3A on heat evolution

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND
COMPOSITION
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Influence of C3S on heat evolution

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
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Effects of Cement Composition Pure Compound effects on


strength Development (Bogue)

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
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Comparison of Pure and non pure Compound effects on strength


Development

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
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Fineness
effects on
Compressive
strength

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND…..
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 Heat of Hydration of
Cement Paste

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
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Effects of Alkalis
 Strength beyond the age of 28 days, is strongly
affected by the alkali contents
 The greater the amount of alkali present the lower the
gain in strength.
 On other hand, in the total absence of alkali, the early
strength of cement past can be abnormally low.
 Accelerated strength tests have shown that up to 0.4%
of Na2o, strength increases with an increase in the
alkali content.
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
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INFLUENCE OF COMPOUND….
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Effects of Alkalis
 Accelerated strength tests have shown that up to 0.4%
of Na2o, strength increases with an increase in the
alkali content.

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


Faculty TEST ON PROPERTIES OF
CEMENT
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 Consistency of Standard Paste

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


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TEST ON PROPERTIES OF CEMENT


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 Setting Time
 Needle dia 1.13 +0.5 mm
 To penetrate 5+1 mm

 According to ENV 197-1:1992, time 60


min
 45 min ASTM C150 or ASTM C-266

 By Vicat

 By Gillmore Needle

BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018


Faculty

TEST ON PROPERTIES OF CEMENT


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First Assignment
 Role of Gypsum in Cement Production
 Soundness (ASTM C151)
 Strength (ASTM C109)
 ASTM C191
 ASTM C204
 ASTM C595

Bring it Back on 25/02/2017


BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018
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ANY
QUESTIONS
BY: MOSAMEEM, A.R Sunday, August 26, 2018

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