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INVESTMENT
FUNCTION
KEY CONCEPTS TO NOTE
CONSUMPTION
INVESTMENT
SAVINGS
DETERMINANTS OF THE
THREE
WHAT IS CONSUMPTION?
Consumption, in economics, is the use of goods
and services by households.
The purchase of goods and services by use of
households is called consumption expenditure.
Consumption differs from consumption expenditure
primarily because durable goods, such as
automobiles, generate an expenditure mainly in
the period when they are purchased, but they
generate “consumption services” (for example,
an automobile provides transportation services)
until they are replaced or scrapped.
TYPES OF CONSUMPTION
Indirect or Productive
consumption when the goods
Direct or Final consumption: are not meant for final
when the goods satisfy human consumption but for
wants directly and immediately. producing other goods which
E.g. taking of meals, use of will satisfy human wants, e.g.
furniture etc. use of fertilizer in agriculture
etc
WHY IS CONSUMPTION IMPORTANT?
Consider this:
EFFORT
WANT SATISFACTION
(DESIRE)
More often than not, this satisfaction is derived from the act of
consumption.
This, in turn sets up demand. Demand induces supply and the cycle
goes on.
Household consumption decision is closely linked to saving decision.
(For given level of disposable income, deciding how much
to consume = deciding how much to save!)
THE CONSUMPTION FUNCTION
The consumption function, as the name suggests
has to be dependent on a certain variable.
C = a + b*Y
MPS
It is defined as:
1-MPC=MPS
In this graphical illustration of the consumption function,
a= 5,000
MPC= 3/4
SHIFTS IN THE CONSUMPTION CURVE
POSITIVE SHIFT:
NEGATIVE SHIFT:
• Increase in Real
Assets and money
• Increase in interest
holding rates
•Increase in
• Increase in taxes
expectation of future
prices.
POSITIVE SHIFT NEGATIVE SHIFT
SOME EXAMPLES
C= 175+ 0.75*Y
C= a+b(Y-T)
AUTONOMOUS INDUCED
AUTONOMOUS INVESTMENT
Expenditure made that is independent of
economic growth. They are investments made
for the good of society and not for the goal of
making profits
2500
2000
1500
Induced Investment
Autonomous Investment
1000
500
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Income Rs. Thousand
SAVINGS
Definition
SAVINGS
INCREASED
INCREASE CASH
IN BANK HOLDINGS
DEPOSITS
The extent to which consumers save is
affected by their preference for the
future over present consumption,
expectations of future income and
rate of interest.
WHY DO PEOPLE SAVE?
RELATIVE
CONSUMPTION
THEORY
ABSOLUTE THEORY OF
CONSUMPTION
It is also known as the Absolute Income Hypothesis.
If the present values of all future cash inflows is greater than the
present value off all future cash outflows, NPV is positive.
2. Distribution of wealth
6. Availability of goods
• Income level
• Production level
• Consumerism
A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION IN
IRAN AND INDIA
ABSTRACT
(%)
(BILLION $)
(%)
INDIA IRAN
It has also revealed that not only MPC out of Income of India is
higher than Iran’s but also MPC out of wealth of India is more than
Iran’s.
This means that higher the MPC, greater the spending and
lesser the saving.