CE 319 F

Daene McKinney

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

Flow in
Pipes
 Reynolds Experiment
  2000 Laminar flow hf V
• Reynolds Number VD 
Re  2000  4000 Transition flow
 
  4000 Turbulent f low hf V 2
• Laminar flow: Fluid moves in smooth
streamlines
• Turbulent flow: Violent mixing, fluid velocity
at a point varies randomly with time
• Transition to turbulence in a 2 in. pipe is at
V=2 ft/s, so most pipe flows are turbulent

Laminar Turbulent
 Shear Stress in Pipes
• Steady, uniform flow in a pipe: momentum
flux is zero and pressure distribution across
pipe is hydrostatic, equilibrium exists
between pressure, gravity and shear forces
dp
 Fs  0  pA  ( p  s ) A  W sin    0 (D ) s
ds
dp dz
0 sA  As   0 (D ) s
ds ds
D d p
 0  [   (  z )]
4 ds 
D dh
0  
4 ds
4 L 0
h1  h2  h f 
D

• Since h is constant across the cross-section of

the pipe (hydrostatic), and –dh/ds>0, then the
shear stress will be zero at the center (r = 0)
and increase linearly to a maximum at the
wall.
• Head loss is due to the shear stress.
• Applicable to either laminar or turbulent flow
• Now we need a relationship for the shear
stress in terms of the Re and pipe roughness
 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
0  V  D e

ML-1T-2 ML LT-1 ML-1T-1 L L

-3

 0  F (  , V ,  , D, e)
4L
 4  F ( 1 ,  2 ) hf  
D 0
Repeating variables :  , V , D
4L e
e   V 2 F (Re, )
 1  Re;  2  ;  3  0 2 D D
D V
L V2  e 
0 e  8F (Re, D )
 F (Re, ) D 2g
V 2 D
L V2 e
e hf  f f  8F (Re, )
 0  V 2 F (Re, ) D 2g D
D

Darcy-Weisbach Eq. Friction factor

 Laminar Flow in Pipes
• Laminar flow -- Newton’s law of viscosity is valid:

dV r dh
  
dy 2 ds
dV dV

dy dr
dV r dh

dr 2  ds
r dh
dV  dr
2  ds
r 2 dh r 2 dh
V  C C 0
4  ds 4  ds

r 2 dh   r  
2
V  0 1    
4  ds   r0   • Velocity distribution in a pipe (laminar flow)
 
is parabolic with maximum at center.
  r 2 
V  Vmax 1    
  r0  
 
 Discharge in Laminar Flow
 dh 2 2
V  ( r0  r )
4  ds
 dh 2 2
Q   VdA  0r0  ( r0  r )( 2rdr )
4  ds
r0
 dh ( r 2  r02 ) 2

4  ds 2
0

r04 dh
Q
8 ds
D 4 dh

128 ds

Q
V 
A
D 2 dh
V 
32  ds
 Head Loss in Laminar Flow
D 2 dh 32 LV
V  hf 
32  ds
D 2
dh 32 
 V 32 LV V 2 / 2
ds D 2 
D 2  V 2 / 2
32 
dh  V ds  L
D 2  64( )( ) V 2 / 2
V D D
32 
h2  h1  V ( s2  s1 ) 64 L
D 2  ( ) V 2 / 2
Re D
h1  h2  h f
L V 2 64
hf  f f 
D 2 Re
32 LV
hf 
D 2
 Nikuradse’s Experiments
• In general, friction factor
e
f  F (Re, )
D
– Function of Re and roughness Rough
k
• Laminar region f  Blausius
Re 1 / 4
64
f 
Re
– Independent of roughness
• Turbulent region
– Smooth pipe curve
• All curves coincide @ 64
~Re=2300
f 
Re
– Rough pipe zone
• All rough pipe curves flatten
out and become independent
of Re
Smooth
Blausius OK for smooth pipe
0.25
f 
2
  e 5.74 
log 10   
  3.7 D Re 0.9 
Laminar Transition Turbulent
Moody Diagram
 Pipe Entrance
• Developing flow
– Includes boundary layer and core,
– viscous effects grow inward from the
wall
• Fully developed flow
– Shape of velocity profile is same at all
points along pipe
Entrance length Le Fully developed
Pressure flow region

Le  0.06 Re Laminar flow Entrance


D 4.4Re1/6 Turbulent flow pressure drop
Region of linear
pressure drop

Le x
 Entrance Loss in a Pipe
• In addition to frictional losses, there are
minor losses due to
– Entrances or exits
– Expansions or contractions
– Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
– Valves
• Losses generally determined by experiment
and then corellated with pipe flow
characteristics
• Loss coefficients are generally given as the
Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5
ratio of head loss to velocity head
hL V2
K or hL  K
V2 2g
2g

• K – loss coefficent
– K ~ 0.1 for well-rounded inlet (high Re)
– K ~ 1.0 abrupt pipe outlet
– K ~ 0.5 abrupt pipe inlet
 Elbow Loss in a Pipe
• A piping system may have many minor losses
which are all correlated to V2/2g
• Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes
of the same diameter

V2  L 
hL  h f   hm   f D   Km 
m 2g  m 

• Where,
hL  Total head loss
h f  Frictional head loss
hm  Minor head loss for fitting m
K m  Minor head loss coefficien t for fitting m
 EGL & HGL for Losses in a Pipe
• Entrances, bends, and other flow transitions
cause the EGL to drop an amount equal to the
head loss produced by the transition.
• EGL is steeper at entrance than it is
downstream of there where the slope is equal
the frictional head loss in the pipe.
• The HGL also drops sharply downstream of
an entrance
 Ex(10.2)
Given: Liquid in pipe has = 8 kN/m3. Acceleration = 0.
D = 1 cm,  = 3x10-3 N-m/s2.
Find: Is fluid stationary, moving up, or moving down?
What is the mean velocity?
Solution: Energy eq. from z = 0 to z = 10 m 2

V12 p1 V22 p2
1   z1  hL   2   z2
2g  2g 
200,000 110,000
 hL   10
8000 8000
90
hL   10
8
hL  1.25 m (moving upward)
1

32 μLV
hL 
γD 2
γD 2
V  hL
32 μL
8000*( 0.01 )2
V  1.25
32*3x10 -3*10
V  1.04 m / s
 Ex (10.4)
• Given: Oil (S = 0.97, m = 10-2 lbf-s/ft2) in 2
in pipe, Q = 0.25 cfs.
• Find: Pressure drop per 100 ft of horizontal
pipe.
• Solution:

Q 0.25
V    11.46 ft / s
A  ( 2 / 12) 2 / 4
VD 0.97 * 1 / 94 * 11.46 * (2 / 12)
Re    360 (laminar)
 10  2
32 μLV 32*10-2*100*11.46
Δp    91.7 psi/100 ft
D2 ( 2 / 12 )2
 Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m2). Horizontal 5-
cm pipe. Q=2x10-3 m3/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:

V2 p V2 p
α1 1  1  z1  hL  α2 2  2  z2
2g γ 2g γ
32 μLV
hL 
γD 2
32 μLV V22
0  0  0.5   α2 00
γD 2 2g
α2 2 32 μL
V2  V  0.5  0
2g γD 2
2 2 32 * 4 * 10  5 * 10
V2  V  0.5  0
2g 0.8 * 62.4 * (1 / 32) 2
V22  8.45V  16.1  0
V  1.60 ft / s
0.8 * 1.94 * 1.6 * (0.25 / 12)
Re   1293 (laminar)
4 * 10  5
Q  V * A  1.6 *  * (0.25/12) 2 / 4  1.23 * 10  3 cfs
 Ex. (10.34)
Given: Glycerin@ 20oC flows commercial steel
pipe.
Find: h
Solution:   12,300 N / m,   0.62 Ns / m2

V2 p V2 p
α1 1  1  z1  hL  α2 2  2  z2
2g γ 2g γ
p1 p
 z1  hL  2  z2
γ γ
p p
h  1  z1  ( 2  z2 )  hL
γ γ
VD VD 0.6 * 0.02
Re     23.5 (laminar)
  5.1 * 10  4
32 μLV 32(0.62)(1)( 0.6)
h  hL    2.42 m
γD 2 12,300 * (0.02) 2
 Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in the upper
reservoir to produce a water discharge of 10 cfs in
the system. What is the minimum pressure in the
pipeline and what is the pressure there?
Solution:

V2 p V2 p V2 p V2 p
α1 1  1  z1   hL  α2 2  2  z2 α1 1  1  z1   hL  αb b  b  zb
2g γ 2g γ 2g γ 2g γ
0  0  z1   hL  0  0  z2 V2 p
0  0  z1   hL  1 * b  b  zb
 L V 2 2g γ
 hL   K e  2 K b  K E  f 
 D  2g pb V2  L V 2
L 430  z1  zb  b   K e  K b  f 
K e  0.5; K b  0.4 (assumed) ; K E  1.0; f  0.025 *  10.75 γ 2g  D  2g
D 1
 300  12.732
Q 10  133  110.7  1.0  0.5  0.4  0.025 
V    12.73 ft / s  1  2 * 32.2
A  / 4 * 12
 1.35 ft
12.732
z1  100  0.5  2 * 0.4  1.0  10.75  133 ft pb  62.4 * ( 1.53)  0.59 psig
2 * 32.2
VD 12.73 * 1
Re    9 * 105
 5
1.14 * 10
 Ex. (10.68)
Relative roughness: k s 1.5x104
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of water at   0.00002
60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000 ft of pipe. D 8.06
Assume pipe sizes are available in even sizes when
the diameters are expressed in inches (i.e., 10 in, 12
in, etc.). Get better estimate of f
Find: Diameter. VD
Re 
Solution:
  1.22 x105 ft 2 / s; k s  1.5x104 ft 
Q
D
Assume f = 0.015 ( / 4) D 2 Q
 
 ( / 4) D
L V2
hf  f 300
D 2g Re   3.9 x106
5
( / 4)(8.06)1.22 x10
1000 (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
1  0.015 *
D 2g f=0.010
33,984
1 1
22,656
D5 D5
D  8.06 ft D  7.43 ft  89 in.

Use a 90 in pipe
 Ex. (10.81)
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa gage. Assume f = 0.020
What size pipe is needed to carry water from the
1/ 5
main at a rate of 0.025 m3/s to a factory that is 140 m  fL Q 2 
from the main? Assume galvanized-steel pipe is to D  8 
 h f  2g 
be used and that the pressure required at the factory  
is 60 kPa gage at a point 10 m above the main 1/ 5
 0.02 140 (0.025) 2 
connection.  8   0.100 m
 14.45  2 
Find: Size of pipe.  9.81 
Solution: k s 0.15
Relative roughness:   0.0015
D 100
L V2 L (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
hf  f  f
D 2g D 2g Friction factor: f  0.022
1/ 5
 fL Q 2 
D  8  1/ 5
 h f  2g   0.022 
D  0.100   0.102 m
   0.020 
V2 p V2 p
α1 1  1  z1   hL  α2 2  2  z 2
2g γ 2g γ Use 12 cm pipe
300,000 60,000
 hf   10
9810 9810
h f  14.45 m
 Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m long
and discharges water into the atmosphere. The
pipeline has an open globe valve and 4 threaded
elbows; h1=3 m and h2 = 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the pressure at A,
the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
V12 p1 V22 p2
α1   z1   hL  α2   z2
2g γ 2g γ
L V2
0  0  12  (1  K e  K v  4 K b  f ) 00 V2 p V2 p
D 2g α A A  A  z A   hL  α2 2  2  z 2
2g γ 2g γ
D = 10-cm and assume f = 0.025
pA L V2
1000 2  15  ( 2 K b  f )
24 g  (1  0.5  10  4 * 0.9  0.025 )V γ D 2g
0.1
pA 500 (0.942) 2
24 g  ( 2 * 0.9  0.025 )  15  9.6 m
V2  γ 0.1 2g
265.1
V  0.942 m / s p A  9810 * ( 9.26)  90.8 kPa

Q  VA  0.942( / 4)( 0.10) 2  0.0074 m 3 / s

VD 0.942 * 0.1 Near cavitation pressure, not good!
Re    7 x10 4
 6
1.31x10

So f = 0.025
 Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is 2 cfs,
what horsepower is the pump supplying to the water?
The 4 bends have a radius of 12 in and the 6-in pipe
is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:

V2 p V2 p
α1 1  1  z1  h p  α2 2  2  z 2   hL
2g γ 2g γ So f = 0.0135
V2 L h p  60  30  1.611(1  0.5  4 * 0.19  0.0135
1700
0  0  30  h p  0  60  2 (1  0.5  4 K b  f ) )
2g D (1 / 2)
Q 2  107.6 ft
V    10.18 ft / s
A ( / 4)(1 / 2) 2 Qh p
p  24.4 hp
V22 550
 1.611 ft
2g
VD 10.18 * (1 / 2)
Re    4.17 x105
 5
1.22 x10