INTERNSHIP PRESENTATION

on
Dual Laterolog (DLL) - MSFL

BY
G.SAI AKHIL
BTech. Applied Petroleum Engineering- UPSTREAM
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
Dehradun
 INTRODUCTION
• Considered to be the biggest sector in the world in terms of dollar value, the oil and gas industry is
a global powerhouse employing hundreds of thousands of workers as well as generating hundreds
of billions of dollars globally each year.

• The oil and gas industry can be broken down into three key areas: UPSTREAM MIDSTREAM and
DOWNSTREAM

• The UPSTREAM segment of oil and gas is also known as exploration and production or E&P
includes: activities related to searching for, recovering, and producing crude oil and natural gas.

• LOGGING & PERFORATION (L&P) sector comes in UPSTREAM where we use it to know the
Reservoir Properties and to know more about the Formation
What are these Properties??
1. Porosity: Storage capacity of medium

2. Permeability: It is the measure of how well the pores are

inter- connected. Example shale is porous but not permeable

3. Fluid Saturation: Saturation therefore, is defined as that

fraction, or percent, of the pore volume occupied by a
particular fluid (oil, gas, or water)

4. Resistivity: Resistivity is a property of a material and it is one

value, however Resistance can change depending on Length
and Area
How does logging help……
So the main reason behind knowing about all these properties is to find
the initial oil in place i.e. amount of technically and economically
recoverable hydrocarbon:
IOIP = Volume*Porosity*(1– Sw)
Here, Volume = (Areal extent of reservoir * Depth) - Known by seismic
and logging
Porosity = Known by logs: Density, Neutron and Acoustic logs
Sw = Water Saturation – Known by “Archies” Equation
ARCHIES EQUATION
 RESISTIVITY LOGGING
Logging Industry has developed the following categories of Tools: -

• Induction Tools – Deep (and Medium) reading in FWBMs, OBMs, SBMs, Air Filled
holes

• Laterolog Tools – Deep reading (and Shallow) in Saline WBMs

• Micro Resistivity Tools – Very Shallow reading in WBMs

• Dielectric Tools – Shallow reading in Very FWBMs

 Resistivity Logging  To Evaluate
Hydrocarbons
 The formation consists of rock matrix and pore
space occupied by fluid.

 The combined resistivity is called “True

Resistivity“ - Rt

 Generally the Formation Rock – Resistive

So the conductivity is due to Fluids in the
jjjjjformation

 The common fluids are:

Water – Conductive
Oil – Non Conductive (Insulators)
INVASION PROFILE
Adjacent Beds

Un Invaded
Zone – “Rt”
• Resistivity Tools are needed to be made such that to measure the Virgin
Formation resistivity “Rt”

• The common problem is if Depth of Investigation increases the vertical resolution

decreases

• Generally we will have to need to run 3 resistivity curves:

Deep resistivity curve.
Medium resistivity curve.
Shallow resistivity curve.

“SO WE USE DLL-MSFL TOOL”

Dual Laterolog Log (DLL) – MSFL
• As we know DLL gives us 3 curves which are LLD, LLS and MSFL

• These above 3 curves combinedly gives us “Rt” and “DI”

• And the MSFL curve deals with resistivity of Flushed Zone – “Rxo” and
it also gives porosity and permeability

• Besides the above we also get SP log curve and Caliper curve which
gives hole diameter
 Overview of DLL & MSFL
Get to know the Hydrocarbon bearing and Water Bearing Zones
Determines “ Rt ” and used in Archies Equation to get “ Sw ”
Determines Diameter of Invasion (Di)
Determines “ Rxo ” and used to get Flush zone water saturation“Swxo”

“They both have some operating conditions without which the tool will
not give accurate results”
 DLL Stack: Bottom to Top
3 Bridel Stack
1.Bull Nose
2.MSFL
3.DLL- Sonde
4.DLL-I : Instrument
5.Green Isolator
6.DLL – Power & Telemetry
7.GTET – Gamma Telemetry Electronics Tool
8.Barrier Sub
9.Bridle
10.
SP – Spontaneous Potential
11.
Bridel
12.
CR-Current Return
13.
Bridle
14.
CCL-Casing Collar Locator
15.
LCCH-Load Cell Cable Head

2 Bridel Stack
16.
Bull Nose
17.
MSFL
18.
DLL - Sonde
19.
DLL-I : Instrument
20.
Green Isolator
21.
DLL – Power & Telemetry
22.
GTET – Gamma Telemetry Electronics Tool
23.
Barrier Sub
24.
Bridel
25.
Bridel
26.
SP - Spontaneous Potential
27.
CR
28.
CCL
29.
LCCH
Description of tools
1. Bull Nose:
• Acts as a barricade of current we give to the tool
• It is of High Resistance

2. Bridel Assembly:
• The Rigid Bridle is a 63.5 foot long multi-sectioned, electrically insulated assembly
• Fiber body

3. Green Isolator:
• Isolates the lower section below it do that the current doesn’t pass through the body and reach the CR
• The green isolators are different for DLL stack and different for XRMI tool which is called SED

4. Power and Telemetry:

• provides low voltage power to the measurement section of the tool string
• contains the signal digitizing circuitry, RTU, and auxiliary power control circuits for the MSFL mandrel.
5. Measurement Section:
• It has signal processing and measurement circuitry
• Measurement section contains 5 Power Amplifiers which drive the A , A and A
electrodes
• There are different electronic boards:
 Switch Position Board
 Laterolog Oscillator Board
 Dual Monitor Amplifier Boards
 Auxiliary Monitor Board
 A0 Controller Board
 A0 Power Amplifier
 V0 Board
So how does the tool measure
Resistivity ?
Resistivity is the physical property of a
formation which impedes the flow of current
We know that
r = R * L / A and V = I * r – “OHMS LAW”
Where r = resistance , R = resistance

If we define: A/L = K

Then, R=K*r

And R = K * V/I

Here “ K “ is Tool Constant depends on

 Defines the shape of the current flow (equi-potential

surfaces)
 Determined by tool design factors
 Helps define vertical resolution, depth of investigation
 DLL Tool Working A4+

A*+
• The LLD and LLS measurements are performed simultaneously, using A3+
common electrodes
M3+
M2+
• The Shallow (LLS) circuit operates at 1050.0 Hz and the Deep (LLD) M1+
circuit operates at 131.25 Hz AO
M1-
M2-
• There are 13 electrodes on DLL Sonde: 13 electrodes: A4 + , A*+, A3
M3-
+, M3 +, M2 +, M1 +, A0 , M1 -, M2 -, M3 -, A3 -, A* -, A4 –
A3-

A*-
• Currents flowing out of source electrodes: A0, A3 +, A3 -, A4 +, A4 - which
causes a potential difference between source and return electrodes A4-
• The Survey current (Io ) is sent through the formation
via the source electrode (A0 ) and is measured by a
current measuring circuit.

• The current supplied by the electrodes: A3 +, A3 -, A4 +,

A4 - are used to dynamically focus the survey current.

• The Survey voltage (Vo) is measured by a voltage

measuring circuit placed between a surface voltage
reference electrode and a downhole monitor electrode.

So we now know both Survey Voltage “Vo” and Survey Current “Io” and Tool
constant “K” is already defined, we get the Resistivity R from the equation :

Ra = K * Vo/Io
where “Ra” is Apparent Resistivity
 Current Flow Geometry
• From Ao electrode a composite of
Deep and Shallow Survey current
with both frequencies comes out.

• For Deep frequency A1 & A2 both

serve as Guard Electrodes, with
return to CR. Deep survey current
returns to CR.

• For Shallow frequency A1 serves as

Guard Electrode and A2 as return
In LLD:
• The electrodes A3 +, A3 -, A4 +, A4 – serve as Bucking electrodes or Guard
Electrode i.e. they are used to focus the survey current
• All the bucking current and survey current return to CR
• Monitoring Electrodes are: M1(±) , M3(±) , A*(±) , A4(±)
• Depth of Investigation: 5 – 7 feet

In LLS:
• The electrodes A3 +, A3 - serve as Bucking electrodes or Guard Electrode
• All the bucking current and survey current return to A4 +, A4 –
• Monitoring Electrodes are: M1(±) , M2(±)
• Depth of Investigation: 2 – 3 feet
 Calibration Basics
• Standard Tool or Prototype is Primary Calibrated at API Pit in Houston

• Standard Tool is used to Calibrate a Field Calibrator

• Field Calibrator is used to Calibrate Logging Tool at Field Location thru

Shop Calibration

• Field Calibrator is to check a Logging Tool in field Location thru Field

Verification
Calibration of DLL Tool
There are few steps to be followed:

Preparation

Shop Calibrations
 DLL Response
From the diagram we can clearly see
that it is top view of borehole
Now, the current from tool (constant)
will then develop a series of voltage
drops across each zone encountered

Then, Vtotal = Vmud + Vinvaded + Vundisturbed

Vtotal = Jm (IRm) + Jxo (IRxo) + Jt (IRt)
But, Vtotal = IRLL
DLL Response
Bore hole component is minimized by use of Salt
Muds. i.e. Jbh = 0

So, RLL= Jxo Rxo + Jt Rt

Also ∑ Ji = 1, which gives Jxo + Jt = 1

Which gives: -
RLL = JRxo – (1 – J)Rt

FIG: Equivalent Electrical Circuit For Laterolog

Measurement
So we know RLL, we will find Rxo ( flushed zone
resistivity) by MSFL then we can get Rt
 MSFL- Micro Spherically
Focussed Log
• It is the bottommost tool in the DLL
stack

• It has nine electrodes on the MSFL Pad

M2, M1, Mo, A1, Ao, A1, M0, M1, M2.

• where M0, M1, M2 are monitoring

electrodes, A1 are focusing electrode
and Ao is survey current emitting
electrode.
MSFL Measurements:
• Here, Clearly we can see that,

• Also, the Depth of Investigation is just

1 - 4 inches which helps us to give the
flushed zone resistivity “Rxo”

• Vertical resolution : 3 inches

 MSFL Shop Calibration
 The calibration box contains a set of 5 resistor networks
to represent resistivities covering the entire dynamic
range of the tool

 On the MSFL test box we have: These 3 resistors

represent formations of 0.2 ohmm, 20 ohmm and 2000
ohm

 Setup the calibration box as in the figure

 Follow the steps of calibration

 Upon completion of the calibration steps, the system

will display the calibration data on the screen. And if the
values are acceptable then exit calibration
 Calliper Shop Calibration
• After the MSFL has been calibrated, We also calibrate the calliper tool
also which is very simple

• It is a simple two point linear calibration using two rings of known

diameters.

• Select calibration ring sizes so that the expected hole sizes to be

logged are within the calibration rings range.
Miscellaneous
• Transport
• Storage
• Handling
• Pre Job
• At Well Site : During Preparation, logging
• Post Job
THANK YOU