WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

PUAN RAJA NORAZILLA BT RAJA YUNUS

NAME MATRIX NO
AHMAD RIDUAN BIN MOHD MISRI 15DKA16F2028
AHMAD ALI IMRAN BIN AHMAD AZUDDIN 15DKA16F2005
MURUGAA A/L VENGADASAN 15DKA16F2033
MOHAMMAD AMIRUL SYAFIQ BIN SHAIFUL 15DKA16F2027
AMIR
MUHAMMAD ALHAKIM BIN NOR-HISAM 15DKA16F2021
MUHAMMAD SOBRI BIN KAMIL 15DKA16F2015
 Water Demand Forecasting
• The term demand is the quality of water which has to be put into a
supply and distribution system so as to satisfy the requiments of
household use,commerce,institutional services,industry,recreational
and tourism,losses that occur throught leakage,waste,theft etc.and
satisfy other unaccounted for water components.Estimation of water
supply can be made by determine the items below;
I. Total population served
II. Per capita consumption
III. Service factor
IV. Design factor
V. Addition demand
Water Supply Demand Per Capita
• The total annual average draft in litres/day required by an area can be
worked out by multiplying the probable number of persons who are
going to use the facilities by the scheme and the annual consumption
of each person called Per Capita Demand.

• Per Capita Demand (q) in litres per day

= Total water demand a year (litre)
365 x total population (capita/day)
• This estimated quantity of water required for all uses which the water
supply scheme has to be designed,should be worked out with due
provision for the estimated requirements of future.The future period
for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is knowns
as Design Period.
Water requirement for domestic purposes is about 15% of the total
water requirement per capita per day.Per capita consumption should
be classified under three categories.The guideline below gives a range
of per capita consumpition for three categories.

I. Urban-230 to 320 litres/capita/day

II. Semi-urban-180 to 230 litres/capita/day
III. Rural-135 to litres/capita/day
SERVICE FACTOR
• The service factor is reflects the potential percentage of the
population served.A service factor of 0.9 means that the ditribution
system covers adequately 90% of the area and the population located
in that area can get easy acces to public water supply. A 0.9 service
factor does not necessarily mean that 90% of the popolation using
standpipes.
DESIGN FACTOR
• the design factor is to equalize the differences from month to-month
according to season factor,weather ,society's habit,industrial activies,
trade and agriculture.
ADDITIONAL DEMAND
• Provision for additional water is to cater for new developments such
as indutrial ,army camp, institution of higher learning .the following
can be used as quideline for estimating industrial demand:

light industry - 22,000 litres/hectare/day

heavy industry -45,000 litres/hectare/day
ESTIMATION FOR WATER DEMAND
• estimation of water demand usually planned for horizon year less
from 20 years with water suppply scheme to every 5 years.planning
that exceeded 20 years normally will fomenting because the
estimation of demand is less precise.yet,age limit for main structure
components such as dam and reservoir does not exceed 50 yeaes,the
choice design periods is governed by:
i. useful life based on wear and tear
ii. expected population growth and developments
iii. feasibility for addition or expansion
iv. financialconstraints and interest rates
basic formula for water demand estimation
• WDn = water demand at the end of year “n”
• Pn = project population at the end of year “n”
• q = per capita consumpation at the end of year “n”
• F1 = service factor at the end of year “n”
• F2 = design factor at the end of year “n”
• Dm = additional demand at the end of year “n”
Example 1.3
1. Total population = 562, 500
2. water usage per capita = 275 litres/ day
3. Industry water demand = 1/3 from requirements of the population
4. Design factor = 1.5
5. NRW percentage = 15%
Solution 1.3
• from the data given, WDn = (Pn x q x F1 x F2) + Dm
Pn = population estimation year 2010 = 562, 500
q = water demand = 275 litres/ capita/ day
F1 = service factor = 0.95
F2 = design factor = 1.5
Dm = additional demand
• WDn = (562500 x 275x 0.95 x 1.5) + (1/3 x 562500 x 275 x 1.5) + 0.15
((562500 x 275) + (1/3 x 562500 x 275))

= 220.43x10^6 + 77.34X10^6 + 30.94x10^6 litres/ day

= 328.71 x 10^ l/day
=328.71 Ml/ day
Problem 1.4
the following data obtained from Kampung Merah in 2007. Calculate the
water demand in 2012
• Total household = 6000 household
• Average household member = 6people
• Per capita water consumption = 270 litres/ day
• Population growth = 2.65% per year
• Industrial water needs = 1/ 3 of the populations need
• Design Factor = 2.4
• Percentage og NRW = 15%
• Water supply coverage = 97%
( Pn = Po(1+r)^n, WDn= Pn x q x F1 x F2 + Dm)
Solution 1.4
Po = 6000 x 6 = 36000
r = 2.65 % a year = 2.65/ 100 = 0.0265
n = 2012-2007 = 5 years
Pn= Po ( 1+r)^n
P2012 = 36000 ( 1+0.0265)^5 = 41030
q = 270 litre/ capita/ day
F1 = 97% = 0.97
F2 = 2.4
Dm = Industrial water need and NRW
• WD= (41030 x 270 x 0.97 x 2.4) + (1/3(41030 x 271 x 2.4)) +
(0.15((41030 x 270) + (1/3 x 41030 x 270 ))

= 25.79x10^6 + 8.86x10^6 + 2.22x10^6

=36.87x10^6 l/day
=36.87 Ml/day