DCC 5152 – WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

LECTRURE’S NAME : PUAN RAJA NORAZILLA BINTI

RAJA YUNUS
NAMES MATRIC NUM
LUQMAN HAKIM BIN ZULKONAIN 15DKA16F2003
RIKNESH A/L SARAVANAN 15DKA16F2013
TAU CHUN CHAI 15DKA16F1141
MUHAMMAD SHAHRIL AIZAT BIN 15DKA16F2009
ANNUARUSADAT
MUHAMMAD NAZARUDDIN BIN UBNU OMAR 15DKA16F2013
NARENDHERRA A/L PARANJOTHI 15DKA16F2037
MUHAMMAD HAIKAL NAZMI BIN MISWAN 15DKA15F2027
MUHAMMAD NABIL FAEZ BIN TAMIZI 15DKA16F2011
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PH
• The pH value of sewage indicates the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion
concentration present in the sewage. It is thus an indicator of the acidity or the
alkalinity of sewerage. If the pH value is less than 7, the sewage is acidic and if pH
value is more than 7, the sewage is alkaline
• The fresh sewage is alkaline, with passed of time pH tends to fall due to production
of acid by bacterial action in anaerobic or nitrification processes. However with
treatment of sewage the pH tends to rise.
• Determination of pH is important because efficiency of certain treatment methods
depends on it. Especially the biological treatment, for better result the pH of
sewage should be aroud 7.0 in biological treatment as microorganisms can flourish
in that pH range.
• pH can be determined unsing pH meter (Potentiometer)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDNESS

• Hardness is the characteristics that prevents lathering of soap.

• Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids like palmitic, oleic or
stearic acid.
• When soap is applied in presence of hard water, it forms white precipitate
instead of lather, due to the formation of insoluble salts of calcium or
magnesium.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHLORIDE
• The chloride ion is the anion (negative charged ion).
• It is formed when the element chlorine gains an electron or when a
compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar
solvents.
• Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water.
• It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for
maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating
fluid in and out of cells.
 CHARACTERISTIS OF SULPHATES

• The sulfate ion is a polytomic anion with the empirical formula SO4²-.
• Sulfate salts have diverse application.
• For example, magnesium sulfate is used in therapeutic baths; the mineral
form of hydrated calcium sulfate, is used tto produce plaster ; and copper
sulfate is an algaecide.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IRON

• One of the earth’s most plentiful resource.

• High iron cause brown or yellow staining of laundry, household fixtures
• Metallic taste, offensive odour, poor tasting coffee
• Cause iron bacteria
• Acceptable limit – 0.3 mg/l
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS

• They have definite mass, volume and shape.

• Intermolecular distance are short
• Intermolecular are strong
• Their constituent particles (like atoms, molecules, or ions) have fixed
positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions.
• They are incompressible and rigid.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRATES

• Dalam kimia tak organik, sesuatu nitrat merupakan sejenis garam daripada asid
nitric.
• Nitrat merupakan satu ion yang mempunyai satu atom nitrogen dan tiga atom
oksigen.
• Dalam kimia organik, ester asid nitric dan pelbagai alcohol dipanggil nitrat.
• Nitrat dalam makanan, terutamanya dari sayur-sayuran ditukarkan dalam saluran
pencernaan manusia kepada nitrit yang bertindak balas dengan amina untuk
menghasilkan nitrosamina karsinogenik.