Physical Quantities

GOOD LINK
http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/projects/omacapi/Software/MeasuresAndUnits/Measure
sandUnitIntroduction.html

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Physical Quantities
 Base quantities vs. Derived quantities

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Base or Fundamental quantities

 Quantities that must be measured

 Base measures from which all others
are derived

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Selected Base Quantities

1. Distance or Length (l)

2. Mass (m)
3. Time (t)

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Systems of Measure
English system: fps system
F: foot
P: pound
S: second
Metric system
Metric system
(System International)
cgs system
mks system
c: centimeters m: meter
g: grams k: kilogram
s: seconds s: second
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What is the mass of speech structures?

Vocal folds ~ 2 grams Lips Tongue

combined!!
~ 25-50 grams each ~ 150 grams
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What are typical distances moved by
speech structures?

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What is the typical duration of speech
events?

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Scalar vs. Vector quantities
Scalar quantities
 Has only a magnitude
Vector quantities
 Includes more than one piece of information
 i.e. Magnitude AND direction

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Area and Volume
Area
 2-dimensional
l
 distance2

Volume l
 3-dimensional
 distance3
l l

l
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Displacement
 Displacement is a change in position
 Is a vector quantity
 Has a magnitude (basic quantity of length)
 Has a direction
KINEMATIC FEATURES OF VERTICAL JAW MOTION
Jaw vertical position
JAW POSITION

11

Time
Velocity (v)
 Rate at which a quantity changes it’s value

 May be expressed as
v = x/t  average velocity
 instantaneous velocity

where  Velocity units

 m/sec (SI)
v = velocity  cm/sec
x = distance  miles/hour

t = time  Velocity vs. speed

 Volume velocity or flow
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Velocity (v)
KINEMATIC FEATURES OF VERTICAL JAW MOTION
JAW POSITION

40
JAW VELOCITY

-40
LERATION

1000
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Acceleration (a)
 Rate of change in velocity
 ‘speeding’ up or positive acceleration
 ‘slowing’ down or negative acceleration

a = v/t May be expressed as

 average acceleration
where  instantaneous acceleration
a = acceleration
v = velocity Acceleration units
t = time  m/sec2 (SI)
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 KINEMATIC FEATURES OF VERTICAL JAW MOTION

JAW POSITION

40
JAW VELOCITY

-40
JAW ACCELERATION

1000

-1000
TIME
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Force (F)
 Is a push or a pull on an object

F = M*a Force ↑ (or ↓)

 ↑ (or ↓) mass
where  ↑ (or ↓) acceleration

F = force
M = mass Force units
 Newton (SI)
a = acceleration
 dyne
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Pressure (E or P)
 Force distributed over an area

E = F/A

Pressure units
where
 Pascal (SI)
E = pressure  dyne/cm2
F = force
A = area (x2)
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Ways to increase Pressure

= area

= force

18
Work (W)
Force applied over a given distance

W = F*x Work ↑ (or ↓)

 ↑ (or ↓) force
 ↑ (or ↓) distance
where
W = work Work units
F = force  Joule (SI)
x = distance  Erg
 Footpound
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Power (P)
Power = rate at which work is done

Power (P)
P = W/t

where
P = Power Power units
W = work  Watt (SI)
 horsepower
t = time

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Intensity (I)
 Area over which power is focused
 Intensity is to power what pressure is to force

I = P/A

where
I = Intensity Intensity units
P = Power  watt/cm2
A = area

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Resistance
 acoustic or aerodynamic resistance = pressure/flow

 In electrical world

Ohm’s Law

R=E/I

where
R= resistance
E=voltage
I=electric current

Note: voltage is an electric analog to pressure

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