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Wind Energy Systems

Tri Ratna Bajracharya


Associate Professor
Institute of Engineering
Tribhuvan University
Nepal
Wind Energy Concept
Introduction: Wind Energy Circulation
Wind energy is a form of solar energy. The winds
alleviate atmospheric temperature and pressure
differences caused by uneven solar heating of the
earth surface. While the sun heats air, water and land
on one side of the earth, the other side is cooled by
thermal radiation to deep space. Daily rotation of the
earth spreads these heating and cooling cycles over
its entire surface. Seasons variation in this daily
distribution of heat energy are caused by seasonal
changes in the tilt of the earth’s axis relative to the
sun.
Introduction: Wind Energy Circulation
Much more solar energy is absorbed near the equator
than at the poles. Warmer, lighter air rises at the
equator and flows toward the poles, while cooler,
heavier air returns from the poles to replace it.
Introduction: Wind Energy Circulation
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe
the process by which the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power. This mechanical power can be
used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or
pumping water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity to power homes,
businesses, schools, and the like.
Introduction: Wind Energy Circulation
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in
the moving air and power an electric generator that
supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind
turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using
electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use
wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades,
which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.
Wind Power
The wind energy available in a unit volume of
air depends only upon the air density “ρ”and
the instantaneous wind-speed “V”.

The Kinetic energy of the air in motion is


given by the formula:

Kinetic Energy 1
   V 2

Unit Volume 2
Wind Power…
The volume of air that passes through an
imaginary surface :
Volume  AV  t
Where, “t” is the elapsed time in seconds and
“A” is the area of the surface in equation. Thus
the wind energy that flows through the surface
during time “t” is:
1
Available Energy  V  A  t
3

2
Wind Power…
Wind power is the amount of energy which
flows through the surface per unit time, and
is calculated by dividing the wind energy by
the elapsed time “t”. Thus the wind power
available,
1
Available Power    V  A
3

2
Both energy and power are propotional to the
cube of the wind speed.
Wind Power…
The power extracted by a particular wind
machine with system efficiency “η” is given
by: 1
Extracted Power    V  A 
3

2
Air density ‘ρ’ can be calculated by
  1.225  (1.194*104) * Z
z = the location's elevation above sea level in meter.
Value of “η” commonly ranges from 0.10 to 0.50.
Power in the Wind
(W/m2)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
 A V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) Area =  r2 Instantaneous Speed
T - air temperature (K) (not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
Wind Characteristics
There are three characteristics:

• Basic meteorological data


• Variation with height
• Variation with time
Wind Characteristics
1. Basic meteorological data

All countries have national


meteorological services that record and
publish weather related data including
wind speed and directions.
Wind Characteristics
Wind Velocity:
Winds at virtually all sites have some
remarkably uniform characteristics. At any
given site, there will be a length of time when
there is absolutely no wind. For some other
length of time, the wind will blow at an
average speed, and for another length of time
–perhaps only a few minutes over an entire
year-it will blow at its maximum speed.
Windspeed in mph

Windspeed distribution for a typical site with 12 mph


average winds. The graph indicates the percentage of time
over a period of one year, that the wind blows at any given
speed.
Available wind power as a function of windspeed.
Wind Characteristics…
2. Variation with height
Wind speed varies considerably with height
above ground. This is called wind shear. A
machine with a hub height of, say 30 m will
experience far stronger winds than a person
at ground level.
At z=0 the air speed is always zero. Within
the height of local obstructions wind speed
increases erratically, and violent directional
fluctuations can occur in high winds.
Wind Characteristics…
Above this erratic region, the height/wind
speed profile is given by expressions of the
form:
z  d  z0 exp( ut / V )
 zd 
ut  V ln  
 z0 
Here d is the zero plane displacement with
magnitude a little less than the height of local
obstructions, z0 is the roughness length and V is a
characteristic speed.
Wind Characteristics…

Height above ground z


z0 - the roughness length
d - zero plane displacement

Approximate scale of
z0 local obstructions
d

Wind speed uz

Wind speed variation with height


Wind Shear example…

When the wind blows over a rough surface, the boundary layer of
slower-moving air thickness above it.
Wind shear…
Wind Characteristics…
3. Variation with time

Energy = Power x Time


This means that the amount of time a wind turbine
produces a given power output is just as important as
the level of power output itself. And wind turbine
operators don't get paid for producing a large amount
of power for a few minutes (except in rare
circumstances.) They get paid by the number of
kilowatt-hours (kWh) their turbines produce in a
given time period.
Wind Characteristics…
For most applications of wind power, it is
more important to know about the continuity
of supply than the total amount of energy
available in a year. In practice when the wind
blows strongly, e.g. more than 12 m/s, there is
no shortage of power and often generated
power has to be dumped. Difficulties appear,
however, if there are extended periods of light
or zero wind.
Wind Characteristics…
A rule of thumb for electricity generation is
that sites with average wind speed less than 5
m/s will have unacceptably long periods
without generation, and that sites of average 8
m/s or above can be considered very good.

In all cases it will be necessary to carefully


match the machine characteristics to the local
wind regime to give the type of supply
required.
Wind Energy Resources
Assessment in Nepal
 Well established wind anemometers at 2 m and 3 m
heights are available at 264 meteorological stations
in Nepal.

 Monitoring of the effect, due to wind, on the paddy


growing in agricultural process.

 These heights are not effective for wind power


potential purpose.
Establishment of Wind Anemometers

 Establishment of 5 anemometer stations by Water and


Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) in 2001;
 Okhaldhunga (Site elevation: 1720m)
 Nagarkot (Bhaktapur) (Site elevation : 2163m)
 Butwal (Rupandehi), Palpa (Site elevation : 230m)
 Kagbeni (Mustang) (Site elevation : 2820m)
 Thini (Mustang) (Site elevation : 2645m)

 Currently AEPC is monitoring these stations and


collecting the data
 Data already collected: Butwal (2000 to 2003); Nagarkot
(2001 to 2004); Thini (2001 to 2004); Kagbeni (2001 to
2004); Palpa (2003 to 2004); Okhaldhunga (2002 to
2004)
Site locations of Anemometer stations in Nepal

Mountains
Kagbeni
Thini

Hills
Nagarkot
Okhaldhunga

Plains
Butwal
Palpa
Instrument Description

 Each Station
 contains two anemometers: at 10m and at

20m above ground.


 automatically records wind data every hour by

NRG 9300 data logger.


 data record of up to 6 months can be stored in

the NRG’s PCMCIA FLASH memory card


(capacity 256 KB to 2 MB)
 uploaded data can be analyzed by NRG 9300
Microsite system in computer.
Contd…
Instrument Description

 Recently AEPC is planning to establish two


more stations in different regions of Nepal.

 Two sets of anemometers with Symphone


data loggers have already been purchased for
this purpose.
Wind Data Analysis
data period January-December 2003

Stations: Nagarkot and Kagbeni


Monthly Variation:average wind speed

Nagarkot , 2136 masl Kagbeni, 2820 masl


12

wind speed m/s


9
10 10 m speed
10m speed 20 m speed
wind speed m/s

7 8
20m speed
6
5
4
3 2
0

Nov
Oct
Mar

May

Aug

Sep
Feb
Jan

Jun

Jul

Dec
Apr
1

Nov
Jan

Jun

Jul
Mar

Aug

Sep
Feb

Apr

May

Dec
Oct

• Wind speed is less than 4m/s • Wind speed is > 4m/s in all
in all the months the months
• Maximum wind in April • Maximum wind in June
(<5m/s) (>7m/s)
• Min in August (<2m/s) • Min in Dec (>4m/s)
• Peak in Pre-monsoon • Peak in Monsoon
Average maximum and average minimum wind speed
Nagarkot
Kagbeni
wind speed m/s

10.0

wind speed m/s


20
15
5.0 10
5
0.0 0

Nov
May

Nov

Jun
Jan

Mar

Jul
Jun

May

Jul

Aug
Jan
Dec

Mar

Oct
Aug

Sep
Feb

Apr
Oct

Dec
Sep
Feb
Apr

Average max at 10m Average min at 10 Average max at 20 Average min at 20


Average max at 20 Average min at 20m Average max at 10 Average min at 10 m

• Maximum shows two peaks, • Maximum and minimum


one in May and other in wind speeds are consistent
November. through out the year.
• Minimum wind speeds are • Maximum wind speed is
nearly consistent through out always > 10 m/s.
the year. • Difference bet max and
• Maximum wind speed is < min wind speed is higher
10 m/s. compare that of Nagarkot.
Annual diurnal variation of wind speed

Nagarkot Kagbeni
5 16
at 20m
14
4
12

wind speed m/s


wind speed m/s

3
10
8
at 20m
2 6
at 10m
4
1 at 10m
2

0 0

10

12

14

16

18

20

22
0

8
10

12

14

16

18

20

22
0

hrs
hrs

• Wind speed reaches its • Wind speed reaches its


minimum during 8 to 9 hrs in minimum at 7 hrs in the
the morning and the peak is at morning and peak is at
18 hrs. 14 hrs.
Wind Energy Potential
Wind Energy Potential
Nagarkot Kagbeni
60.0 450

400
50.0
350

40.0 300
KWhr/ m2

KWhr/ m2
250
30.0
200
20.0
150

10.0 100

50
0.0
0

Nov
Oct
Mar

May

Aug

Sep
Feb
Jan

Jun

Jul

Dec
Apr

Nov
Oct
May
Mar

Aug

Sep
Feb
Jan

Jun

Jul

Dec
Apr
energy density at 20 m height energy density at 10 m height
energy density at 20 m height energy density at 10 m height

• The highest energy potential • Energy potential is high


is on March, April and May throughout the year but it is
highest in May, June and July.
OWC in WasP
at 10m height

at 20m height

Butwal Wind Speed: Direction Not working


OWC in WasP
at 10m height

at 20m height

Nagarkot Wind Speed Data: Most of the Wind at North Direction


OWC in WasP

Thini Wind Speed Data at 20m height:


Most of the Wind at South and South West Direction
How big is a
2.0 MW wind
turbine?
This picture shows a
Vestas V-80 2.0-MW wind
turbine superimposed on a
Boeing 747 JUMBO JET
Wind Turbines:
Power for a House or City
Wind Turbine Types
 Modern wind turbines fall into two basic
groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used for pumping
water, and the vertical-axis design, like the
eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after
its French inventor. Most large modern wind
turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Wind Turbine Types
Turbine Configurations
Wind turbines are often grouped together into
a single wind power plant, also known as a
wind farm, and generate bulk electrical
power. Electricity from these turbines is fed
into a utility grid and distributed to
customers, just as with conventional power
plants.
Applications
Components
THANK YOU

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