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Kinetic Energy 1
V 2
Unit Volume 2
Wind Power…
The volume of air that passes through an
imaginary surface :
Volume AV t
Where, “t” is the elapsed time in seconds and
“A” is the area of the surface in equation. Thus
the wind energy that flows through the surface
during time “t” is:
1
Available Energy V A t
3
2
Wind Power…
Wind power is the amount of energy which
flows through the surface per unit time, and
is calculated by dividing the wind energy by
the elapsed time “t”. Thus the wind power
available,
1
Available Power V A
3
2
Both energy and power are propotional to the
cube of the wind speed.
Wind Power…
The power extracted by a particular wind
machine with system efficiency “η” is given
by: 1
Extracted Power V A
3
2
Air density ‘ρ’ can be calculated by
1.225 (1.194*104) * Z
z = the location's elevation above sea level in meter.
Value of “η” commonly ranges from 0.10 to 0.50.
Power in the Wind
(W/m2)
= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3
A V3
Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa)
R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) Area = r2 Instantaneous Speed
T - air temperature (K) (not mean speed)
kg/m3 m2 m/s
Wind Characteristics
There are three characteristics:
Approximate scale of
z0 local obstructions
d
Wind speed uz
When the wind blows over a rough surface, the boundary layer of
slower-moving air thickness above it.
Wind shear…
Wind Characteristics…
3. Variation with time
Mountains
Kagbeni
Thini
Hills
Nagarkot
Okhaldhunga
Plains
Butwal
Palpa
Instrument Description
Each Station
contains two anemometers: at 10m and at
7 8
20m speed
6
5
4
3 2
0
Nov
Oct
Mar
May
Aug
Sep
Feb
Jan
Jun
Jul
Dec
Apr
1
Nov
Jan
Jun
Jul
Mar
Aug
Sep
Feb
Apr
May
Dec
Oct
• Wind speed is less than 4m/s • Wind speed is > 4m/s in all
in all the months the months
• Maximum wind in April • Maximum wind in June
(<5m/s) (>7m/s)
• Min in August (<2m/s) • Min in Dec (>4m/s)
• Peak in Pre-monsoon • Peak in Monsoon
Average maximum and average minimum wind speed
Nagarkot
Kagbeni
wind speed m/s
10.0
Nov
May
Nov
Jun
Jan
Mar
Jul
Jun
May
Jul
Aug
Jan
Dec
Mar
Oct
Aug
Sep
Feb
Apr
Oct
Dec
Sep
Feb
Apr
Nagarkot Kagbeni
5 16
at 20m
14
4
12
3
10
8
at 20m
2 6
at 10m
4
1 at 10m
2
0 0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
hrs
hrs
400
50.0
350
40.0 300
KWhr/ m2
KWhr/ m2
250
30.0
200
20.0
150
10.0 100
50
0.0
0
Nov
Oct
Mar
May
Aug
Sep
Feb
Jan
Jun
Jul
Dec
Apr
Nov
Oct
May
Mar
Aug
Sep
Feb
Jan
Jun
Jul
Dec
Apr
energy density at 20 m height energy density at 10 m height
energy density at 20 m height energy density at 10 m height
at 20m height
at 20m height