Gas Laws and Heat Capacity

Why do some things get hot more quickly than others?

The Gas Laws

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas
-properties
Graphing the Gas Laws
Boyle's Law Charles' Law
Temperature

Temperature – proportional to the

average kinetic energy of the molecules
Energy due to motion
(Related to how fast the
molecules are moving)

As temperature Molecules move

increases faster
Heat

Heat (q)– The flow of energy from

higher temperature particles to lower
temperature particles

Under constant pressure (lab-top conditions), heat and enthalpy

are the same
Energy Units
The most common energy units are Joules (J) and
calories (cal)

Energy Equivalents

4.18 J = 1.00 cal

1000 J = 1 kJ

1000 cal = 1 Cal (food calorie)

These equivalents can be used in dimensional analysis to convert units

Heat Capacity

Specific Heat Capacity (Cp) – The

amount of energy that can be absorbed
before 1 g of a substance’s temperature
has increased by 1°C

Cp for liquid water = 1.00 cal/g°C or 4.18 J/g°C

Heat Capacity
High Heat Capacity Low Heat Capacity
Takes a large amount of Small amount of energy can
energy to noticeably noticeably change
change temp temperature
Heats up slowly Heats up quickly
Cools down slowly Cools down quickly
Maintains temp better with Quickly readjusts to new
small condition changes conditions

A pool takes a long time to warm up and remains fairly warm over night.
The air warms quickly on a sunny day, but cools quickly at night

A cast-iron pan stays hot for a long time after removing from oven.
Aluminum foil can be grabbed by your hand from a hot oven because it
cools so quickly
What things affect temperature change?

 Heat Capacity of substance

The higher the heat capacity, the slower the
temperature change
 Mass of sample
The larger the mass, the more molecules there are to
absorb energy, so the slower the temperature change
Specific heat capacity of
substance

H  m  C p  T
Energy added Mass of sample Change in temperature
or removed
Positive & Negative T
 Change in temperature (T) is always T2 – T1
(final temperature – initial temperature)
If temperature increases, T will be positive
 A substance goes from 15°C to 25°C.
 25°C - 15°C = 10°C
 This is an increase of 10°C
If temperature decreases, T will be negative
 A substance goes from 50°C to 35°C
 35°C – 50°C = -15°C
 This is a decrease of 15°C
Positive & Negative H

Energy must be put in for temperature to

increase
A “+” T will have a “+” H
Energy must be removed for temperature
to decrease
A “-” T will have a “-” H
Specific Heat
You will be asked to You should know
look at several how to work with
materials the "specific heat
The goal is to find formula"
the material that Q = mC(T2-T1)
loses the least You will be given
amount of heat heat (joules), mass
(grams), and specific
But how will you do heat (J/g*C)
this?
Example

Example:
If 285 J is added to 45 g of
water at 25°C, what is the
final temperature? Cp water
= 4.18 J/g°C
Let’s Practice #1

Example:
How many joules must be
removed from 25 g of water
at 75°C to drop the
temperature to 30°? Cp
water = 4.18 J/g°C
Let’s Practice #2

Example:
If the specific heat capacity
of aluminum is 0.900 J/g°C,
what is the final temperature
if 437 J is added to a 30.0 g
sample at 15°C
 Specific Heat Practice- Write in
Notebook
Part 1
1. What is the change in
temperature for a 2-kilogram
mass of water that loses
8,500 joules of energy? (C of
water= 4,184 J/kg*C)
2. A 0.25-kilogram sample of
aluminum is provided with
5,000 joules of heat energy.
What will be the change in
temperature of this sample of
aluminum? (C of aluminum=
900 J/kg*C)
Part 2
3. A scientist wants to raise the
temperature of a 0.10-kilogram
sample of glass from –45°C to
15°C. How much heat energy is
required to produce this change
in temperature? (C of glass=800
J/kg*C)
4. What is the mass of a block of
concrete that gains 52,800 joules
of energy when its temperature is
increased by 5°C? (C of
concrete=880 J/kg*C)