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Reliability
Adequacy Security
Power system is operated in a reliable and secure manner so that system stability
is not endangered.
• System to survive
In case of 765kV and 400kV- A permanent three phase to ground fault or
single phase to ground fault close to the bus to be cleared within 100ms.
In case of 220kV/132kV -A permanent three phase to ground fault or single
phase to ground fault close to the bus to be cleared within 160ms.
HVDC -A fault in HVDC convertor station resulting in permanent outage of
one of the poles of HVDC Bipole.
The Contingency of loss of single largest generating unit or critical generating
unit.
• N-1-1 Contingency
• In case of permanent fault, , system parameters shall not exceed emergency
limits, load shedding/rescheduling required to bring the system to normal
limits
8-Aug-18 Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India
Power System Operation-Five Modes
Daily - https://posoco.in/reports/system-reliability-indices/daily-vdittcatc/
Weekly - https://posoco.in/reports/system-reliability-indices/weekly-vdittcatc/
Monthly - https://posoco.in/reports/system-reliability-indices/monthly-vdittcatc/
NER
TTC- 2500MW
ER
ATC- 2000MW WR
TTC-1370MW
TTC- 5150MW ATC-1325MW
ATC- 4650MW
SR TTC- 4350MW
ATC- 4100MW
ER & NER
5 Grids Synchronized
5 Frequencies https://posoco.in/market/monthly-atc-inter-regional/inter-regional-2018-19/
8-Aug-18 Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India
8-Aug-18 Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India
CERC Open Access Regulations 2004
Criteria for allowing transmission access-
ii) The short term access shall be allowed, if request can be
accommodated by utilising:
(a) Inherent design margins
(b) Margins available due to variation in power flows
(c) Margins available due to in-built spare transmission
capacity created to cater to future load growth
3 Transmission line limits Minimum of thermal limit, stability limit and voltage limit
Load Generation Balance report, Maintenance schedule
4 Thermal unit availability
Peak and off peak actual hydro generation on median consumption day of
7 Hydro despatch same month last year
The current inflow pattern to be duly accounted
8 Load Anticipated load
9 Credible contingencies Planning criteria + Operator experience
Stability Limit
Time
Total Transfer Capability is the minimum of the
Thermal Limit, Voltage Limit and the Stability Limit
8-Aug-18 Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India
Line Loading & Voltage Limits
Normal & Emergency Loading Limits-
• The loading limit for a transmission line is its thermal loading limit.
• The loading limit for an ICT is its name plate rating.
• The emergency thermal limits for the purpose of planning shall be
110% of the normal thermal limits.
Voltage (kV RMS) as per IEGC/Planning Criteria
Nominal Maximum Minimum
765 800 728
400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
8-Aug-18 Power System Operation Corporation Limited, India
Arriving at ATC
Transmission Reliability Margin(RM) to be considered-
Two percent (2%) of the total anticipated peak demand met
in MW of the control area/group of control area/region ( to
account for forecasting uncertainties)
Size of largest generating unit in the control area/ group of
control area/region
ATC=TTC-TRM
ATC
Long Term Open Access (LTA)
YET TO BE
DECLARED
Grid Security
Market