KRAEMER

RADIATION
ONCOLOGY
CENTER

KAUSHIKI KAMBOJ
BA15ARC021
RADIATION ONCOLOGY DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS

 Cancer treatment typically includes any or all of the following in any combination:
o Surgery
o Chemotherapy (medical oncology)
o Radiotherapy
o Paediatric oncology
o Nuclear medicine
o Diagnostic services (radiology and pathology)
o Allied medicine: physiotherapy, oncology social work, counselling, dietetics, palliative supportive
care, emergency care, etc.
 LOCATION

 Generally, the Radiation Oncology Unit should be located on ground level due
to the weight of the equipment and shielding, for ease of installation/
replacement of specialized equipment.
 The Unit should be located with ready access for outpatients, including people
with disabilities, people arriving by patient transfer services and ambulances,
and for inpatients in wheelchairs and on beds or trolleys.
 If the Unit is located in a free-standing building on a hospital campus, careful
consideration must be given to covered links between the Unit and the main
hospital particularly for inpatients on beds/ trolleys, the delivery of goods and
supplies, and access to other departments such as Medical Imaging or
Pathology.

 REFRENCE : INTERNATIONAL HEALTH FACILITY GUIDELINES

 RADIATION ONCOLOGY UNIT
 The Radiation Oncology Unit may include the following Functional Areas:

o Entry/ Reception including:

o Interview Room
o Waiting areas with access to refreshments
o Public amenities
o Reception with storage for files and stationery
o Patient Consult Area:
o Consult rooms
o Interview room
o Specimen collection and access to patient toilets
o Treatment Planning and Appliance areas:
o Simulator rooms with Control and Equipment rooms
o Mould fitting room
o Mould workshop
o Patient holding bay for patients on a bed or trolley
o Support rooms including Change cubicles, stores for consumables and equipment,patient toilets and sub-
waiting areas
o Medical Physics:
Offices and workstations for Physicists
Physics laboratory and storage for technical equipment
o Radiation Therapy Treatment Areas:
Radiation bunkers with Control rooms
Change cubicles
Patient sub-waiting, locker area and access to toilets
Ready access to Interview rooms
Support Areas including:
o Bays for Handwashing/PPE, Linen, Resuscitation trolley, holding of mobile equipment and wheelchairs
o Clean and Dirty Utilities with waste holding areas
o Cleaners Room
o Staff Station
o Store rooms for equipment and consumables
Administration / Office Areas:
o Offices and workstations for key personnel according to the approved service plan
o Meeting room
Staff Areas:
o Staff Room
o Locker area
o Toilets and Showers, gender separated

The Unit may incorporate the following Optional areas depending on the Service Plan:
Brachytherapy Suite:
o Brachytherapy bunker with Control room
o Anaesthetic room
o Operating/ Procedure room (optional)
o Scrub up room
o Patient Bays for holding and recovery with access to patient toilets
o Patient Waiting area
Support areas including Bays for handwashing basins/PPE, Linen and
resuscitation trolley
o Radioactive seed and loading room
o Store room for sterile stock and equipment
o Shared utility rooms
 Medical Imaging (optional satellite unit) including:
CT Scanning room with Control and Equipment rooms
General X-ray room
MRI imaging room with Preparation, Control, Equipment rooms
 Patient facilities such as holding bays, property bays, waiting areas and toilets
 Staff and support rooms including
 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

 The Radiation Oncology Unit should be located with ready access for ambulant
outpatients as well as inpatients arriving by wheelchairs and beds.
 The Unit may be co-located with Medical Imaging Units, Chemotherapy Units and
related Inpatient Units to increase efficiency.
 If intra-operative therapy is proposed, the Radiation Oncology Unit should be located
close to the Operating Unit or with a direct link.
 A ground level location is preferred due to the weight of the equipment and shielding
requirements, and for ease of installation and replacement.
 There will also be a restriction on the type of departments located above the Radiation
Oncology bunkers.
 External
o Principal relationships with other Units include ready access to:
o Diagnostic facilities such as Medical Imaging and Pathology
o Emergency and Critical Care Units
o Clinical Laboratories
o Pharmacy
o Outpatient Rehabilitation and Complementary Medicine facilities
o Material Management and Housekeeping
o Operating/ Day Procedures Units
o Public amenities and cafeteria
o Parking
Internal
Optimum internal relationships include:
o The Staff Station and associated areas need direct access and observation to patient holding areas
o Utility and storage areas need ready access to both patient and staff work areas
o Planning and treatment areas should be collocated
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

External relationships outlined in the diagram include:

o Clear staff, goods and service entrance:
o Access to/from Housekeeping, Supply and Catering Units via service corridor.
o Access to Offices and staff areas via service corridor
o Access to/ from key clinical units associated with patient arrivals and transfers via a
service corridor
o Entry for staff via the public or service corridor
o Separate public entrance
o Access to/ from key public areas, such as the main entrance, Outpatients Units and
parking from the public corridor
o Entry for ambulant patients and visitors directly from public corridor
o Access to/ from related treatment facilities via a public corridor
Optimum internal relationships outlined in the diagram include:
o Reception located with control of access for public and patients
o Waiting area at the Unit entry and sub-waiting within the Unit for patients
o Patient flow from Reception, to Consult, to Simulation and Planning then Radiotherapy
Treatment areas.
o Convenient access to Mould Fitting and Workshop from Planning areas
o Access to Medical Imaging from Consult, Planning and Radiotherapy Treatment stages
o Shared patient holding for both Simulation and Treatment stages
o Staff Station located with direct observation of patient bed holding
o Support areas decentralised, located close to treatment areas for staff convenience
o Staff Offices and Support areas located on a perimeter in a staff accessible zone.
 CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

 The flooring for a Radiation Oncology Unit shall be adequate to meet the load requirements for
equipment, patients and personnel.
 Provision for cable ducts or conduits should be made in the floors and ceilings as required.
 Ceiling mounted equipment should have properly designed rigid support structures located
above the finished ceiling.
 The minimum recommended ceiling height is 3 metres.
 A lay-in type of ceiling should be considered for ease of installation and service.
 The linear accelerator installation may require an opening in a wall and co-ordination of the
entry door size to also allow for future servicing of the equipment
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Acoustics
o Acoustic treatment will be required to all examination, consult rooms and offices to ensure privacy for discussions with
patients, families and staff.
o Provide acoustic treatment for the control of noise associated with machinery in the appliance fabrication workshop areas.
 Natural Lighting/ Lighting
o Radiation bunkers and simulators will require dimmable lighting with adjustable lighting levels for patient comfort.
o All patient areas in the Unit will require lighting with clinical colour rendering.
o General lighting in staff work areas should be even, sufficient for illumination of the work area and non-reflective.
 Privacy
o Careful consideration of privacy and patient comfort is required to reduce discomfort and stress for patients and privacy
screening will be required to all patient bed bays.
 Interior Décor
o Interior decor includes furnishings, style, colour, textures and ambience, influenced by perception and culture.
o The décor of the Unit should be of a standard that meets the expectations of people using the services and make every effort
to reduce an institutional atmosphere
o The design of the unit should create a pleasant, reassuring atmosphere for patients whilst retaining the necessary functional
requirements associated with clinical spaces and radiation treatment areas.
 RADIATION PROTECTION

 Cobalt and linear accelerator rooms require radiation protection that may
include concrete walls, floors and ceiling to a specified thickness.
 The radiation protection needs of the unit shall be assessed by a certified
physicist or appropriate state agency.
 This assessment is to specify the type, location, and amount of protection to be
installed in accordance with final approved department layout and equipment
selection.
 The radiation protection requirements shall be incorporated into the final plans
and specifications.
 Design of the bunker rooms may incorporate a maze entry to assist with
radiation protection; a neutron door may also be required depending on the
type of linear accelerator used.
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION
KRAEMER RADIATION ONCOLOGY CENTER

 Location : Anaheim , South California

 Area : 16,000 sq ft(1,486 square
metres) , single storey
 Architect : Yazdani Studio of Cannon The exterior double glazed glass facade enhances the building’s sculptural
Design form and creates an interior/exterior connection with a custom tree pattern
 Radiation therapy is for treating cancer that mirrors the surrounding landscape.
patients
 Radiation therapy is physically and
psychologically grueling
 The treatment typically occur five
days a week for five to eight
consecutive weeks.
 Typically, radiation therapy centers
are located below ground to
accommodate heavy equipment
and shield radiation. These spaces
serve a very functional purpose,
and are typically barren of natural
light and amenities that support the
psychological and emotional needs
of cancer patients.
 This center brought its oncology
radiation services above ground
and into the light.
 FLOOR
PLAN

The architect wanted to create a

simple plan and make
wayfinding easy to allay the
anxieties of cancer patients and
their families.
FLOOR PLAN
CIRCULATION
 THE VAULT
 In order to build the structure above ground, the
architects still needed to find ways to contain
the radiation. They oriented the three treatment
rooms in the building’s core and constructed 3-
foot thick concrete walls around them. Yazdani
refers to this area of the building as “the
vault.” Medical offices, support spaces, CT
imaging rooms, and exam rooms are located
along the building’s periphery.
 The vault was the area for three linear
accelerators – large machines that use
radiation to target tumours in cancer
patients Bringing in daylight into the vault : Each treatment area
 Patients are soothed by the fritted image of the has a glass wall that opens onto a narrow vertical “zen”
forest and the actual landscape that’s glimpsed garden and a plush vertical garden that patients can see
beyond, in addition to the framed vistas where through a floor-to-ceiling wall of glass – in order to reduce
walls flare out. the stress and anxiety of patients
  The building faces a busy boulevard in Anaheim : It’s a very public site for a very private experience
 Because there’s no “back” to the building, Yazdani designed it to have a circular footprint.

o To shield radiation
coming from the vault,
the building’s walls
are extra tall, but to
make the scale less
foreboding to patients,
the walls gently slope
to a shorter height near
the entrance.
o The curved walls are
also positioned like
a broken
spiral offering space
for landscape designs
and creating multiple
entry points to the
building.
 The majority of the facade is glass.
 Because of that, they had to find a way to provide the right level
of privacy for each interior space depending on how it’s used :
Fritted glass–glass with a silkscreened pattern
 The inner panes of the double glazing are fritted with the ghostly
image of a forest.
 By varying the pattern’s density, the architects could offer privacy,
a visual flourish, and still let daylight in–all in one gesture.
 Doctor’s offices are more transparent and exam rooms are more
opaque.
 The reception area is clad with warm woods. The architects
recessed the lighting in alcoves so that the walls and ceiling
appear to glow (much better than harsh fluorescent bulbs)
 Cove lighting was used in corridors and other areas to help
soften the atmosphere.
 A glass wall stretches across the footwall of each room,
opening onto a plush vertical garden.

The concrete is
clad in cherry
wood to impart a
sense of warmth to
the waiting area on
the other side of the
room , and casual
seating set the tone
in a corridor
outside offices
VIEWS
THANK YOU..!