Advance Design of RC Structure

University of Palestine

Lecture 4
Shear Wall Design
Design Loads
Shear force – maximum at the base
Bending moment – maximum at the base
Axial load – including its own weight

Reinforcement

Special reinforced concrete walls are to be provided with

reinforcement in two orthogonal directions in the plane of the
wall.
At least two curtains of reinforcement shall be used in wall if:
Vu exceeds 0.17Acv fc '
The wall thickness is more than 250 mm
Reinforcement spacing each way in structure wall shall not
exceed the large of 450 mm & 3  wall thickness
The minimum reinforcement ratio for both the vertical &
horizontal reinforcement is: v  h  0.0025

If V u  0.083Acv f c '

The minimum vertical reinforcement ratio

»V = 0.0012 for No. 16 bars or smaller, fy  420 MPa
= 0.0015 for other bars, fy  420 MPa
The minimum horizontal reinforcement ratio
»h = 0.002 for No. 16 bars or smaller, fy  420 MPa
= 0.0025 for other bars, fy  420 MPa
Vu is obtained from the lateral load analysis in accordance with
the factored load combinations.
Acv is the gross area of concrete section bounded by the web
thickness & length of section in the direction of the shear force
considered
Shear Strength
The nominal shear strength Vn

V n  Acv c f c '  v f y 
Where c is 0.25 for hw/Lw  1.5
0.17 for hw/Lw  2
►varies linearly between 0.25 & 0.17 for hw/Lw
between 1.5 & 2
►hw = height of entire wall of wall considered
►Lw = length of entire wall in the direction of shear
force
For all wall piers sharing a common lateral force Vn
shall not be taken larger than 0.66Acv f c '
For individual wall piers Vn shall not be taken larger than
0.83Acw f c '
►Acw is the area of concrete section of the individual pier
considered

Design for Flexural & Axial Loads

The compression zones must include special boundary
elements when

Lw
C
600 u / hw  u / hw  0.007
Where

C = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral

axis calculated from the factored axial force & nominal moment
strength, consistent with the design displacement u, resulting in
the largest neutral axis

Lw = length of the entire wall considered in the direction of the

shear force

δu = design displacement & it is determined by multiplying the

deflections from an elastic analysis under the prescribed seismic
forces by a deflection amplification

hw = height of entire wall or of the segment of wall considered

When special boundary elements are required, they must extend
horizontally from the extreme compression fiber a distance not less
than the large of C-0.1Lw & C/2

In the vertical direction the special boundary elements must extend
from the critical section a distance greater than or equal to the large
of Lw or Mu/4Vu.

►This distance is based on upper bound estimates of plastic

hinge lengths.
The compression zone shall include special boundary elements
where the maximum extreme fiber stress corresponding to the
factored forces, including earthquake effects, exceeds 0.2fc’
Special boundary elements can be discontinued where the
compressive stress is less than 0.15fc’.
 Pu M u Lw
   0.2f c '
Ag Ig 2
When special boundary elements are not required & if the
longitudinal reinforcement ratio at the wall boundary is greater
than 2.8/fy, the maximum longitudinal spacing of transverse
reinforcement in the boundary shall not exceed 200mm. Except
when V u  0.083Acv f c '

If the wall subjected to axial load smaller than the producing
balanced failure, the following approximate equation can be used
to determine the design moment capacity of the wall:

  Pu  c 
 M n   0.5A st f y w 1   1  
  A st f y  w 

   Pu  c 
 M n   0.5A st f y w 1   1  
  A st f y  w 


Ast = total area of vertical reinforcement

lw = horizontal length of wall
Pu = factored axial compressive load
fy = yield strength of reinforcement
 C  

w 2  0.851

β1 = factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular

compressive stress block to the neutral axis depth= 0.85 for fc’= 17
to 28 MPa & = 0.8 for fc’ > 28 MPa

 A st  f y
  
 w fc '
h
fc ' = compressive strength of concrete
Pu

w hf c '

h = thickness of wall
φ = 0.90 (strength primarily controlled by flexure with low axial
load)
Detailing reinforcement for boundary Zone
Dimension
The minimum section dimension of the boundary zone shall
be lw/16.
Boundary zones shall have a minimum length of 450mm
(measured along the length) at each end of the wall or portion
of wall.
In I-, L-, C- or T-section walls, the boundary zone at each
end shall include the effective flange width and shall extend at
least 250mm. into the web.

Confinement Reinforcement
All vertical reinforcement within the boundary zone shall
be confined by hoops or cross-ties having a steel cross
sectional area Ash> 0.09S.bc. fc′ / fy
All Hoops and cross-ties shall have a vertical spacing,
150mm
S max 
6  (diameter of largest vertical bar within boundary zone)

The length-to-width ratio of the hoops shall not exceed 3 and

all adjacent hoops shall be overlapping.
Cross-ties or legs of overlapping hoops shall not be spaced
farther apart than 250mm along the wall.
Alternate vertical bars shall be confined by the corner of a
hoop or cross-tie.

Minimum for vertical reinforcement

Av > 0.005 area of boundary zone or two no. 16 bars at each edge
of the boundary zone
Reinforcement details for special boundary elements
Load Combination
ACI 318-05 required that structure, their components, &
their foundation be designed to have strength not less than the
most severe of the following combination of loads:

U = 1.4(D + F )
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Where:
U = required strength to resist the factored loads
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
 F = load due to fluids with and maximum heights well-defined pressures
H = load due to soil pressure
T = load due to effects of temperature, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage
compensating concrete, creep, differential settlement, or combinations thereof.
Lr = roof live load
S = snow load
R = rain load

The effect of seismic load E is defined as follows:

E  QE  0.2S ds D
E = the effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces,
SDS = the design spectral response acceleration at short periods
D = the effect of dead load
ρ = the reliability factor
QE = the effect of horizontal seismic forces
 If the there is a vertical discontinuities of the structure
system that resisting the seismic load the effect of seismic
load E is defined as follows:

E  oQE  0.2S ds D

where Ωo is the system over strength factor. The value of Ωo

between 2 to 3 as give in table depending on the type of varies
lateral force resisting system
 Example
Design the shear wall section at the basement
Determine minimum vertical & horizontal 1176kN D.L = 120t
490kN L.L = 50t
reinforcement requirements in the wall

Check if two curtains of reinforcement are required.

V u  0.17Acv f c ' 5m0.25m

Acv  5  0.25  1.25m 2

V u  0.98MN  0.17 1.25 28  1.124MN

7840kN.m
784t.m
980kN
According to the above equation, no need for two curtains 100t
but as the wall thickness is 250mm the code recommend to
use two curtains of reinforcement.
 The minimum reinforcement ratio

V u  0.083Acv fc '

0.083 1.25 28  0.549MN Vu  0.98MN

Therefore the minimum reinforcements ration are

v  0.0025 h  0.0025

Minimum steel area

As  25 100  0.0025  6.25cm 2 / m

Use 612 @ 100cm in both sides of the wall & in the vertical
& horizontal directions
 
1.2  2
2

or  4  0.0025(25)  S  36cm
S
12@35cm
Smax = the smaller of 325 = 75cm & 45cm
35cm

Smax = 45cm > S = 36 cm O.K. 35cm

Use 112 @ 35cm in each side of the wall

in the vertical & horizontal direction
12@35cm
Determine reinforcement requirements for shear

Shear strength of wall


V n  Acv c f c '  v f y 
c = 0.17 for hw/Lw = 18/5 = 3.6  2

1.13  2
v   0.0026
35  25

 
V n  1.25 0.17 28  0.0026  420  2.489MN Vu  0.98MN

Therefore, the 112 @ 35cm in the vertical & horizontal

direction would be enough for the shear
 Determine reinforcement requirements for combined
flexural & axial loads

Determine if special boundary elements are required

Pu M u Lw
   0.2f c '
Ag Ig 2
Pu = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L or
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L

There is a vertical load comes from the earthquake which can be

computed by Ev = 0.2Sds*D (D is the total dead load)

Pu = 1.2D + 1.0(0.2Sds*D) +1.0 L

= 1.21176 + 0.20.3331176 + 490 = 1980 kN

 Pu = 1.21176 + 1.6490 = 2195 kN

Therefore Pu = 2195 kN

0.25  53 A g  5  0.25  1.25m 2

Ig   2.6m 4
12

2195 7840 5
   9295kN  0.2f c '  5600kN / m 2
1.25 2.6 2

Therefore, special boundary elements are required

 Special boundary length

Lager of C/2, C – 0.1Lw 45cm or Lw/16

C  

w 2  0.851
 1.13  2  500 
 A st  f y   420
    35
  0.039
 w h  f c '  500  25  28
 

Pu 2195 / 1000
   0.063
w hf c ' 5  0.25  28

C 0.039  0.063
  0.13
w 2  0.039  0.85  0.85
 C  500  0.13  65cm

C 65
  32.5cm
2 2

C  0.1Lw  65  0.1 500  15cm

Lw/16 = 500/16 = 31cm

Take the boundary length as 45cm as it’s the minimum

Check moment capacity Mn

  Pu  c 
 M n   0.5A st f y w 1   1  
  A st f y  w 

    
 32.29  2195 / 1000  
 M n  0.9 0.5 420  5 1 
32.29  1  0.13   6.95MPa
 10000  420  
  10000  

Mn = 6.95MPa < Mu = 7.84MPa

Therefore additional reinforcements are required for flexural

M u  M n
As  d  0.8Lw  0.8  5  4m
0.9f y d
7.84  6.95
As   6cm 2 = 316
0.9  420  4
216 at each edge of the boundary zone is the minimum vertical
reinforcement in the boundary zone
 Confinement Reinforcement

Confinement of the boundary elements

Maximum Hoops and cross-ties vertical spacing

Smax = smaller of 150mm or 6largest bar diameter(16mm) = 96mm

Smax = 90mm

Reinforcement cross-section area long direction

0.09Shc f c ' 0.09  9  (25  5  1.6)  28

Ash    1cm 2
fy 420

Use 28 @ 9cm parallel to the wall

 Reinforcement cross-section area short direction
0.09Shc f c ' 0.09  9  (45  5  1.6)  28
Ash    2cm 2
fy 420

Use 48 @ 9cm perpendicular to the wall

416 112@35cm

18@9cm 212 212 212@35cm

45cm
35cm

45cm
18@9cm 112@35cm