Design of Concrete Structure I

Dr. Ali
Tayeh

First
Semester
2009
 Lecture 2
Concrete Property
 Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates, and water.
Water is the key ingredient for chemical
reaction for curing.
 Concrete Mixing and
Proportioning
In the design of concrete mixes, three
principal requirements for concrete are of
importance:
• Quality
• Workability
• Economical
 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• Quality of concrete is measured by its strength
and durability.

• Durability of concrete is the ability of the concrete

to resist disintegration due to freezing and thawing
and chemical attack.
Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• The compressive strength of concrete is
mainly affected by the water/cement ratio,
degree of compaction, age, and temperature.

It is determined through testing standard

cylinders 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length
in uniaxial compression at 28 days
(ASTM C470-93a)
Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• Workability of concrete may be defined as a
composite characteristic indicative of the ease
with which the mass of plastic material may
deposited in its final place without segregation
during placement, and its ability to conform to
fine forming detail.
Workability
Workability measured by slump test

slump
12”

1 2 3 4

Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes .1

Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes .2
Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes .3
Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.) .4
 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• Economical takes into account effective use of
materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.
 Admixtures

– Applications:
•Improve workability
•Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
•Aid in curing
•Improve durability
Admixtures
– Air-Entrainment: Add air voids with bubbles
•Help with freeze/thaw cycles, workability, etc.
•Decreases density: reduces strength, but also
decreases W/C

– Superplasticizers: increase workability by

chemically releasing water from fine aggregates.
 Types of Cement

 Type I: General Purpose

 Type II: Lower heat of hydration than

Type I

 Type III: High Early Strength

•Higher heat of hydration
•quicker strength (7 days vs. 28 days for
Type I)
 Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
•Gradually heats up, less distortion
(massive structures).

 Type V: Sulfate Resisting

•For footings, basements, sewers, etc.
exposed to soils with sulfates.
 Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Shrinkage Microcracks
are the initial shrinkage
cracks due to
carbonation shrinkage,
hydration shrinkage,
and drying shrinkage.
 Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Bond Microcracks are

extensions of shrinkage
microcracks, as the
compression stress field
increases, the shrinkage
microcracks widen but
do not propagates into
the matrix. Occur at 15-
20 % ultimate strength
of concrete.
 Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Matrix Microcracks - are

microcracks that occur in the
matrix. The propagate from
20% fc. Occur up to 30-45 %
ultimate strength of
concrete. Matrix microcracks
start bridge one another at
75%. Aggregate microcracks
occur just before failure
(90%).
 Concrete Properties
'
f
– Compressive Strength, c
•Normally use 28-day strength for design
strength
– Poisson’s Ratio, n
• n = 0.15 to 0.20
•Usually use n = 0.17
 Concrete Properties
 Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
•Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 f c'
•ACI 318-05 (Sec. 8.5.1) for normal concrete:

E c  4730 f c'  Mpa

normal weight concrete
(density 2400 kg/m3)
 Concrete Properties
Maximum useable strain,  u
•ACI Code:  u = 0.003
•Used for flexural and axial compression
•For normal strength concrete,  o ~ 0.002
 Concrete Properties
Typical Concrete Stress-Strain Curves in Compression
 Concrete Properties
Types of compression failure
There are three modes
of failure.
[a] Under axial
compression concrete
fails in shear.

[b] the separation of the specimen into columnar

pieces by what is known as splitting or columnar
fracture.
[c] Combination of shear and splitting failure.
 Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength
'
– Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of fc
– Modulus of Rupture, fr
•For deflection calculations, use:
2 f 'c (Mpa)
fr  ACI Eq. 9-10
3
– Test:
P
unreinforced
concrete beam Mc 6M
fr   2
I bh

fr
 Concrete Properties
Tensile Strength (cont.)
– Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
– Split Cylinder Test
Concrete Cylinder P

Poisson’s
Effect

2P
f ct 
 Ld
f ct  0.55 f 'c (Mpa )
 Creep
• Creep is defined as the long-term deformation
caused by the application of loads for long periods
of time, usually years.

• The total deformation is divided into two parts;

the first is called instantaneous deformation
occurring right after the application of loads, and
the second which is time dependent, is called
creep
 Shrinkage
• Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the
reduction in volume of concrete due to loss
of moisture
 Steel Reinforcement

1. General
– Standard
Reinforcing Bar
Markings
 Steel Reinforcement
2. Stress versus
Strain
– Stress-Strain
curve for
various types
of steel
reinforcement
bar.
 Steel Reinforcement

Es = Initial tangent
modulus = 2.04(10)5
Mpa (all grades)

Note:
GR40 has a longer
yield


Properties of reinforcing bars

W Number of bars
mm Kg/m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 0.22 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.7 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83
8 0.39 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03
10 0.62 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.5 6.28 7.07 7.85
12 0.89 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.2 11.3
14 1.21 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.7 9.24 10.8 12.3 13.9 15.4
16 1.58 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.1 18.1 20.1
18 1.99 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.2 12.7 15.3 17.8 20.4 22.9 25.4
20 2.47 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.6 15.7 18.8 22.0 25.1 28.3 31.4
22 2.98 3.80 7.60 11.4 15.2 19.0 22.8 26.6 30.4 34.2 38.0
24 3.55 4.52 9.05 13.6 18.1 22.6 27.1 31.7 36.2 40.7 45.2
25 3.85 4.91 9.82 14.7 19.6 24.5 29.5 34.4 39.3 44.2 49.1
26 4.17 5.31 10.6 15.9 21.2 26.5 31.9 37.2 42.5 47.8 53.1
28 4.54 6.16 12.3 18.5 24.6 30.8 36.9 43.1 49.3 55.4 61.6
30 5.54 7.07 14.1 21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4 49.5 56.5 63.6 70.7
32 6.31 8.04 16.1 24.1 32.2 40.2 48.3 56.3 64.3 72.4 80.4