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The position-time
graph shows the
motion of the
particle (car)
The smooth curve is
a guess as to what
happened between
the data points
Displacement
The instantaneous
velocity is the slope
of the line tangent to
the x vs t curve
This would be the
green line
The blue lines show
that as t gets
smaller, they
approach the green
line
Instantaneous Speed
v x dv x d x 2
a x lim 2
t 0 t dt dt
Instantaneous Acceleration
v f vi
aa
t f ti
tf – ti = t
v f vi at
1D motion with constant acceleration
v v 2a ( x f xi )
2
f
2
i
v f v i at
vi vf
v
2
Δx v i t 2 at
1 2
v f v 2ax
2 2
i
Kinematic Equations - summary
Kinematic Equations
xf 30.0t t2 m
(a) Take ti 0 at the bottom of the hill where xi=0,
vi=30m/s, a=-2m/s2. Use these values in the general
equation
vf vi at 30.0 m s 2.00 m s t 2
vf 30.0 2.00t m s
The distance of travel, xf, becomes a maximum, xm ax
when vf 0 (turning point in the motion).
Use the expressions found in part (a) for
xm ax 30.0t t2 m 30.015.0 15.0 225 m
2
Graphical Look at Motion:
displacement-time curve
1-st ball:
1 2 h h 1 2
y1 h gt y1 h gt t
h
2 2 2 2 g
1 2 h h 1 h
2-nd ball: y2 vit gt vi g
2 2 g 2 g vi gh
A freely falling object requires 1.50 s to travel the last 30.0 m
before it hits the ground. From what height above the ground
did it fall?
A freely falling object requires 1.50 s to travel the last 30.0 m
before it hits the ground. From what height above the ground
did it fall?
Consider the last 30 m of fall. We find its speed 30 m above
the ground: 1 2
y f yi vyit ayt
2
1
0 30 m vyi 1.5 s 9.8 m s 1.5 s
2
2 2
30 m 11.0 m
vyi 12.6 m s.
1.5 s
A freely falling object requires 1.50 s to travel the last 30.0 m
before it hits the ground. From what height above the ground
did it fall?
Now consider the portion of its fall above the 30 m point. We
assume it starts from rest v2 v2 2a y y
yf yi y f i
12.6 m s 0 2 9.8 m
2
s y
2
2
160 m s2
y 2
8.16 m .
19.6 m s
Its original height was then:
30 m 8.16 m 38.2 m
Motion Equations from Calculus
Displacement
equals the area
under the velocity –
time curve
v
tf
lim xn tn v x (t )dt
tn 0 ti
n
dv x
ax
dt
t
v xf v xi a x dt
0
dx
vx
dt
t
x f xi v x dt
0
Kinematic Equations – Calculus Form
with Constant Acceleration
v xf v xi a x t
The integration form of xf – xi gives
1
x f xi v xi t a x t 2
2
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by
h = 3.00t3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. After
2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long
after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by
h = 3.00t3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. After
2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long
after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?
3
y 3.00t t 2.00 s y 3.00 2.00 24.0 m
3
dy
vy 9.00t2 36.0 m s
dt
The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by
h = 3.00t3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. After
2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long
after its release does the mailbag reach the ground?
1 2 1
yb ybi vit gt 24.0 36.0t 9.80 t2 yb 0
2 2
2
0 24.0 36.0t 4.90t t 7.96 s
Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of
acceleration as the "jerk." If an object moves in one
dimension such that its jerk J is constant, (a) determine
expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and
position x(t), given that its initial acceleration, speed, and
position are axi , vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that
ax2 axi
2
2 j (vx vxi )
Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of acceleration
as the "jerk." If an object moves in one dimension such that its jerk J
is constant, (a) determine expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity
vx(t), and position x(t), given that its initial acceleration, speed, and
position are axi , vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that
ax2 axi
2
2 j (vx vxi )
(a) da da Jdt
J constant
dt
a J dt Jt c1 a ai when t 0 c a
1 i
a Jt ai
Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of acceleration as the "jerk." If an
object moves in one dimension such that its jerk J is constant, (a) determine
expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given that its initial
acceleration, speed, and position are axi , vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that
2
ax axi
2
2 j (vx vxi )
(a) dv
a
dt
dv adt
1 2
v adt Jt ai dt Jt at
i c2
2
v vi when t 0 c2 vi v 1 Jt2 at v
i i
2
Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of acceleration as the "jerk." If
an object moves in one dimension such that its jerk J is constant, (a) determine
expressions for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given that its
initial acceleration, speed, and position are axi , vxi, and xi , respectively. (b) Show that
2
ax axi
2
2 j (vx vxi )
dx
(a)v
dt
dx vdt
1 2
x vdt
2 Jt ait vi dt
1 3 1
x Jt ait2 vit c3
6 2
1 3 1 2
x xi when t 0 c x
3 i x Jt at
i vit xi
6 2
a Jt ai J2t2 ai
(b) 2 2 2
2Jat
i
a2 ai
2
J2t2 2Jat
i
2 2 1 2
a ai 2J Jt at
i
2
Recall the expression for v : v 1 Jt2 ati vi
2
1 2
v vi 2 Jt at
i
2
a 2
ai 2J v vi
The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is
proportional to the speed of the marble squared, and is
given (in SI units) by a = –3.00 v2 for v > 0. If the marble
enters this fluid with a speed of 1.50 m/s, how long will it
take before the marble's speed is reduced to half of its
initial value?
The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is proportional to the speed
of the marble squared, and is given (in SI units) by a = –3.00 v2 for v > 0.
If the marble enters this fluid with a speed of 1.50 m/s, how long will it
take before the marble's speed is reduced to half of its initial value?
dv vi 1.50 m s
a 3.00v2
dt v t
v2dv 3.00 dt
dv
3.00v2 v vi t 0
dt
1 1 1 1
3.00t or 3.00t .
v vi v vi
The acceleration of a marble in a certain fluid is proportional to the
speed of the marble squared, and is given (in SI units) by a = –3.00 v2
for v > 0. If the marble enters this fluid with a speed of 1.50 m/s, how
long will it take before the marble's speed is reduced to half of its initial
value?
dv
a 3.00v2 vi 1.50 m s
dt
vi 1
v t 0.222 s
2 3.00vi
A test rocket is fired vertically upward from a well. A
catapult gives it initial velocity 80.0 m/s at ground level. Its
engines then fire and it accelerates upward at 4.00 m/s2
until it reaches an altitude of 1 000 m. At that point its
engines fail and the rocket goes into free fall, with an
acceleration of –9.80 m/s2. (a) How long is the rocket in
motion above the ground? (b) What is its maximum
altitude? (c) What is its velocity just before it collides with
the Earth?
A test rocket is fired vertically
upward from a well. A catapult
gives it initial velocity 80.0 m/s
Let point 0 be at ground level and point 1
at ground level. Its engines
then fire and it accelerates be at the end of the engine burn. Let
upward at 4.00 m/s2 until it point 2 be the highest point the rocket
reaches an altitude of 1 000 m. reaches and point 3 be just before
At that point its engines fail and impact. The data in the table are found
the rocket goes into free fall, for each phase of the rocket’s motion.
with an acceleration of –9.80
80.0 2 4.00 1000
2
m/s2. (a) How long is the rocket
in motion above the ground? (b)
(0 to 1): v2f
What is its maximum altitude? so vf 120 m s
(c) What is its velocity just
before it collides with the Earth?
120 80.0 4.00 t t 10.0 s
A test rocket is fired vertically
upward from a well. A catapult
gives it initial velocity 80.0 m/s
0 120 2 9.80 xf xi
2
at ground level. Its engines (1 to 2):
then fire and it accelerates
upward at 4.00 m/s2 until it xf xi 735 m
reaches an altitude of 1 000 m.
At that point its engines fail and
the rocket goes into free fall, 0 120 9.80t t 12.2 s
with an acceleration of –9.80
m/s2. (a) How long is the rocket
in motion above the ground? (b) This is the time of maximum height of the
What is its maximum altitude? rocket.
(c) What is its velocity just
before it collides with the Earth?
v 0 2 9.80 1735
A test rocket is fired vertically 2
upward from a well. A catapult (2 to 3):
f
gives it initial velocity 80.0 m/s
at ground level. Its engines v f 184m / s
then fire and it accelerates