Lecture-3

Internal Combustion Engines

1
Background

2
 Classifications
1. Engine Cycle

Q Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes

of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions
of the crankshaft

Q Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes

of the Piston movements over 1 revolution
of the crankshaft

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 Classifications – Contd.
2. Fuel Used

Q Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene

Q Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas

Q Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke

(converted to gaseous fuel outside the engine in a gas producer)

Q Using viscous fuels like diesel

Q Using dual fuel

– methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) – CI Engine
– gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)

4
Fuel Used - at a Glance

Q Gasoline
Q Diesel
Q Gas, Natural gas, Methane
Q Liquid Petroleum Gas
Q Alcohol, Methanol

Q Hydrogen
Q Dual Fuel
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 Classifications – Contd.
3. Method of Ignition
Q Spark Ignition: An SI engine starts the
combustion process in each cycle by use of a
spark plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug,
many forms of torch of torch holes were used to
initiate combustion form an external flame.

Q Compression Ignition: The combustion

process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel
mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in
the combustion chamber caused by high
compression.
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 Classifications – Contd.

4. Position & Number of Cylinders

Q Single Cylinder
Q Inline Cylinders
Q V Engine

Q Opposed Cylinder Engine

Q W Engine
Q Opposed Piston Engine
Q Radial Engine
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(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

(f) (g)

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 Cylinder Arrangement
Q Single cylinder: Engine has one cylinder and
piston connected to the crankshaft.
Q In-Line: Cylinders are
positioned in a straight line, one
behind the other along the
length of the crankshaft.
Number of cylinders may vary
from 2 to 11 or even more. In-
line four-cylinder engines are
very common for automobiles.
In-line engines are also referred
to as straight such as straight six
or straight eight.
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Q V Engine: Two banks of cylinders at an angle
with each other along a single crankshaft. The
angle between the banks of cylinders is usually
within 60-90. V engines have even numbers of
cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight
cylinders respectively.

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Q Opposed Cylinder Engine: Two banks of
cylinders opposite to each other on a single
crankshaft. These are mostly used in small aircraft
and some automobiles with an even number of
cylinders from two to eight or more. These
engines are also called flat engines such as flat
four.

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Q W Engine: Similar to that of V engine except
with three banks of cylinders on the same
crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been
used in some racing cars.

Q Opposed Piston Engine: Two pistons in each

cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A single-
combustion process causes two power strokes at
the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a
separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder
Engine output is either on two rotating crankshafts
or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex
mechanic linkage.
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Q Radial Engine: Engine with pistons positioned in
a circular plane around the central crankshaft.
The connecting rods of the pistons are connected
to the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of
cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd
number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more.

Many medium-and large-

size propeller-driven aircraft
use radial engines. For large
aircraft, two or more banks
of cylinders are mounted
together, one behind the
other on a single crankshaft,
making a powerful and
smooth engine.
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Cylinder Arrangement

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 Single Cylinder Engine

Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution

(360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two revolutions for 4 stroke.

The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely spaced, and engine
vibration and smoothness are significant problems.

4-stroke

2-stroke

0 CA 180 CA 360 CA 540 CA 720 CA 180 CA

(TC) (TC) (TC)

Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important

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 Multi-cylinder Engines

Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume

amongst multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power
strokes produces smoother torque characteristics.

Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6:

Engine balance (inertia forces associated with accelerating and

decelerating piston) better for in-line versus V configuration.
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 V-6 Engine

Inlet
runner
Air intake
manifold

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 Classifications – Contd.
5. Valve Locations
Q Valves in head (overhead valve), also called
I-head engine.

Q Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head

engine. Some historic engines with valves in
block had the intake valve on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other
side. These were called T-head engines.

Q One valve in head (usually intake) and one in

block, also called F-head engine.

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 (a (b
) )

(c (d
) )
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 Classifications – Contd.
6. Air Intake process
Q Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure
boost system.
Q Supercharged: Intake air pressure increased
with the compressor driven off the engine
crankshaft.
Q Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased
with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine
exhaust gases
Q Crankcase Compressed: Two-stroke cycle
engine that uses the crankcase as the intake air
compressor.
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 AirIntake

Turbine Compressor
Air Intake

Aftercooler

Exhaust

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 Where the turbocharger is located in the car

Where the turbocharger is located in the car

23
How a turbocharger is plumbed (including the
charge air cooler)

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Roots Blower Vane Compressor
Screw Compressor

Radial compressor Axial compressor

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 Classifications – Contd.

7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines

Q Carbureted

Q Multi Point Fuel Injection - One or more

injectors at each cylinder intake.

Q Throttle Body Fuel Injection - Injectors upstream

in intake manifold.

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Inlet
Valve

Throttle

Vent Fuel
Fuel discharge from
nozzle supply

Float
Float
Fuel metering Chamber
jet lip, h

Fuel

Choke

Air

Carbureted System
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Multi Point Fuel Injection System

Throttle Body Injection System

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 Classifications – Contd.
8. Combustion Chamber Design
Q Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical,
bowl-in-piston)
Q Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary
chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers)

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 Classifications – Contd.

9. Type of Cooling
Q Air Cooled
Q Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled

Radiator

Cylinder

Piston

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Q The cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and
water pump. Water circulates through passages around the
cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off.

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 Classifications – Contd.

10. Applications

Q Car, buses, two-wheelers, trucks

Q Locomotives
Q Stationary
Q Marine
Q Light Aircraft
Q Portable Power Systems
Q Lawnmowers
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