01 Casing Dimensions, Materials & Strengths

Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK
4.1. Casing Dimensions, DRILLING

Materials &
TRAINING
Strengths
Module – 4
Casing Selection
& Design
Section – 1
Casing Dimensions,
Materials
& Strengths
C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection & 1/76
4.1. Casing Dimensions, Materials &
Strengths
Contents:
1. Basis for Casing Design
2. Functions of Casing Strings
3. Types of Casing Strings
4. Dimensions, Materials,
Connections
5. Mechanical Properties
C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

2/76
Strengths
1. Considerations for Casing

Design
• Collapse Strength
• Bursting Strength
• Tension Strength
• Tri-axial Stress
• Casing Wear

3/76
Strengths
2. Functions of Casing String
• Prevent well bore collapses
• Isolate troublesome formations (lost circulation,
reactive / sensitive shales, unstable formations, etc.)
• Separate incompatible low & high pressure zones,
• Avoid contamination of aquifer sands
• Serve as a barrier for formation pressure and fluids
containment
• Isolate and contain drilling / completion fluids left in the
annulus
• Serve as conduit to run pipe strings and equipment in
the hole
• Give support to well head assembly and to the weight
of subsequent casing strings
4/76
Strengths
3. Types of Casing String 2. H
3. O
4. N
• (“stove
5. D
Conductor Casing 6. A
pipe”)
• Surface Casing
• Intermediate
• Production Casing
• Drilling Liner
• Contingency Liner
• Production Liner
• Liner Tie-Back
5/76
Strengths
3. Types of Casing String
Conductor Casing
• Covers and supports unconsolidated shallow
formations that are commonly drilled without
installing a BOP stack 2. H
3. O
• Conductor casing can be set in three

4. N
5. D
6. A
different ways:
• Cemented in a drilled hole
• Driven with pneumatic jar until the refusal
depth
• By Jetting the soft / unconsolidated
formation with an inner drilling string run
simultaneously with the conductor, until
C.
finding a consolidated formation where
Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &
6/76
Strengths
Surface Casing
2. H
• Installed to protect aquifer zones from

3. O
4. N
5. D
contamination with drilling fluids used to drill 6. A
deeper sections
• Allow the installation of a BOP stack on the
top of its head to drill subsequent sections of
the well
• Acts as the structural support for all well head
components and all subsequent casing
strings
• It is cemented from bottom to surface, which
is verified by observing the proper returns of
C. cementFAST
Schlumberger-ROO to TRACK
surface
DRILLINGor to sea
TRAINING.–. bed
Module 4: Casing Selection &
7/76
Strengths
Intermediate Casing
2. H
•
3. O
Run to isolate potential or known lost circulation 4.

5.
N
D
6. A
zones, problematic zones (reactive / unstable

formations) or zones with abnormal low or high
incompatible pressure
• The top of cement behind the casing is left
above the more troublesome shallow zone
• It is not required to have cement returns to
surface, except in special cases and well
completion needs
• Intermediate casing can be a conventional
C. string extended from bottom to surface or a liner
8/76
Strengths
Production Casing
• Isolates incompatible zones to avoid

comingled production and to allow a
complete reservoir management
• Acts like a safe conduit of reservoir
fluids to the surface Conductor
• Production casing can be conventional Csng.
from bottom to the surface or a liner

type casing hung from the lower Surface Csng.
section of previous casing Intermediate

Csng.
• Serves as a barrier to prevent
formation kicks Production
Csng.
• Allows the installation of production /
C. injectionFAST
Schlumberger-ROO string and subsurface
TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4:tools
Casing Selection &
9/76
Strengths
Drilling / Contingency Liner
• Installed to isolate troublesome zones like

unexpected abnormal pressure, sensitive
shale, unstable formations, mobile zones,
etc.
• Some times it is installed to case hole
sections left uncovered by a casing string
stuck off setting depth while running
• Most of the time it is the best an most
economical solution to achieve the TD
• In occasions it is run due to limitations of rig
C. capacity
Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection & 10/76
Strengths
Production Liner
• Installed by economical reasons or due to

rig capacity limitations
• Reduces drilling and completion costs
• Limits the size of production / injection string
and down hole tools
• Gives options to install production or
injection string above the hanger, permitting
the use of larger tubing and tool sizes.
Strengths
4. Dimensions, Materials and Connections
• Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness

• Weight
• Length
• Steel Grades
• Casing Connections

12/76
Strengths
Outside Diameter (D) & Wall Thickness (t)
• Determine the pipe body structure
• The outside diameter of casing couplings determines the
hole size that best fit the casing size
• Wall thickness determines inside diameter and pipe weight

13/76
Strengths
• API Tolerances to “OD” and “t”
API recommended tolerances for Outside

Diameter D are found in Table API Spec. 5CT as
follows:
Casing Outside Diameter (in) Tolerance ( mm.)
> 4 ½” + 1.00, -0.50% D

< 4 ½” + 0.79%

14/76
Strengths
API recommended tolerance for wall thickness of non upset pipe is

– 12.5 %
Strengths
API recommended tolerance for wall thickness of upset pipe is –

12.5 %
Strengths
Adjusted Weight of a Casing Joint
• It is calculated with the formula:
WL = ( Wpe x L ) + ew
Where :
WL = Adjusted weight per joint length, (lb)

Wpe = Weight of pipe body (w/o coupling) (lb/ft)
L = Joint length, including coupling (ft)
ew = Gained or lost weight due to the threads
(lb)
Adjusted weight for all casing pipes can be obtained from

API Spec. 5CT, Section 8, table 20
17/76
Strengths
• Can also be calculated with the formula:

18/76
Strengths
• API Tolerances for casing pipe weight:
According to API – 5 CT weight

tolerances are:
• For single joints + 6.5% , -

3.5%
• For loads above 40,000 lbs.
-1.75%
• For loads below 40,000 lbs.
- 3.5%

19/76
Strengths
Casing Pipe Length
• API has defined three ranges for casing pipe lengths, as

follows:
RANGE LENGTH AVERAGE

(feet) LENGTH (feet)
1 16 – 25 22
2 25 – 34 31
3 > 34 42

20/76
Strengths
Steel Grades for Casing
• Color Code for Steel Grades Recommended by API 5CT
/ ISO 11960

21/76
Strengths
• Color Code for Steel Grades Recommended by API 5CT
/ ISO 11960

22/76
Strengths
• API has defined nine steel grade for casings, as

follows:
H – 40, J – 55, K – 55, C – 75, L – 80, N – 80, C –

95, P – 110, and Q – 125
Each steel grade is determined by alloy steel

composition, manufacturing process, and
mechanical properties:
• Steel alloy formulation

• Heating and cooling processes during its
manufacturing
• Minimum yield strength

23/76
Strengths
• Service Levels
• Steel grades are further classified in “Service
Level” or recommended application, as follows:
• Level 1: Grades H – 40, J – 55, K – 55 y N – 80

• “Sweet” environment: limited
concentration of H2S
• Working pressure < 5,000 psi
• Level 2: Grades M – 65, L – 80, C – 90, C – 95

y T – 95
• WP >10M with limited concentration of
24/76
Strengths
• Service Levels
• Level 3: Grade P – 110

• Low concentration of H2S;
• High Temperature / High Pressure
• Level 4: Grades above Level 3 like, Grade Q –

125
• HP wells with high concentrations of
H2S
• The total joints used for each application
can be easily tracked with the serial
C. number
Schlumberger-ROO FAST of each
TRACK DRILLING jointModule 4: Casing Selection &
TRAINING.–.
25/76
Strengths
• Composition of Steel Alloys
• The raw steel material used for casing
manufacturing does not have one
defined micro structure
• Both the steel micro structure and
mechanical properties can be improved
mainly with the addition of special steel
alloys and thermal processes
• After a complex manufacturing
procedure the steel used for casing
tubular is adapted to suit specific
C.
environments and service levels
26/76
Strengths
• Composition of Steel Alloys
Tables 2 and 3 from API Spec. 5CT in the next two slides
show metallurgic composition and mechanical properties
for each one of the steel grades used in casing
manufacturing

27/76
Strengths
Las tablas 2 y 3 del API Spec. 5CT muestran los requerimientos

químicos y mecánicos para cada uno de los grados de tubería.

28/76
Strengths

29/76
Strengths
V150: Is used for casing manufacturing but not one API Steel
Grade
• Properties:
• Yield Strength range: 150,000 to 180,000 psi.
• Minimum Yield Strength: 160,000 psi.
• Not recommended for any H2S concentration at all
temperatures

30/76
Strengths
Casing & Tubing Connections
API Connections: Premium

Connections:
Round Buttress Extreme NU Coupled Upset Formed Flush

Line
31/76
Strengths
API Connections:
• Round Thread: Short, STC or Long, LTC

• Buttress Thread, BTC (also, “BCN”)
• Extreme Line Thread, XL (integral
connection)
Premium Connections (Proprietary

Connections):
• Hydril
• Manesman
• VAM
• Etc.
32/76
Strengths
• API Connection – Round

Thread:

33/76
4. Dimensions, MaterialsStrengths
and Connections
Thread:
External-End-
Upset
Hot Forging
Round Thread
Round Thread
Strengths
Thread:
Characteristics:
• Eight (8) threads per inch

• Thread profile “V” shaped with 60° between flanks
• Taper close to ¾” per foot
• Crest and root thread round cut,
• Leak trajectory along the threads
• Not recommended for gas wells or HP wells
• Short and weak engagement surface.

35/76
Strengths
Thread:

36/76
Strengths
• API Connection – Buttress

Thread:
Characteristics:
• Trapezoidal shaped thread having five (5) threads per inch
• Taper:
• ¾” for OD < 7-5/8”

• 1” for OD > 7-5/8”
• The trapezoidal design has the ability of transmitting higher

axial loads than the API Round Thread (8 RD)

37/76
Strengths

Thread:

38/76
Strengths

Thread:

39/76
Strengths

Thread:
Other Characteristics
• Higher possibility of leaking than the round thread

• Lower bursting strength than the round thread
• Strong for axial and flexing loads
• Prone to strand and stuck while making connections
• Does not work well under compression
• Best threads are located toward the tip of the pin

40/76
Strengths
• API Connection – Extreme Line

Thread:

41/76
Strengths

Thread:
Characteristics:
• No leaking path present as long as the make up friction force is

above the internal pressure
• Seal area is located at the tip of the pin
• Sealing is not affected by compression or flexion stresses
• Pin is prone to impact damages
• Does not get strand or stuck while making the connection due
to threads tolerance

42/76
Strengths

Thread:

43/76
Strengths
• Premium Connections – Non API
Characteristics:
• High performance threads

• Less dimensional tolerances than API threads
• More variety of angle between thread flanks
• Higher mechanical properties: tension, compression, and
flexion strengths'
• Torsion shoulder in the threads that absorbs from 15 % to 85%
of the make up torque
• Metal-to-Metal seal to assure tightness under extreme
conditions
C. •Schlumberger-ROO
Exact value of DRILLING
FAST TRACK make TRAINING.–.
up torque must
Module 4: Casingbe applied
Selection & to grant seal 44/76
Strengths
• Buttress Improved
Thread

45/76
Strengths

• ATS – LD Thread
Stabbin Roo
g Flank t Cres Load
t Flank
Thread
C. Pitch
Strengths

• STL – IFJ Thread
Smooth ID
Geometric
C.
Transparency
Strengths
• Hydril – 513 Thread
Metal to Metal
Seal
Cold Forming Dovetail

Thread
Strengths
• Hydril – SLX Thread Metal To Metal

seal
and Connections
Bo
• TC - II Thread x
Fiber
Seal
Pi
n
Consider Box
shape
and Connections
• New Vam Thread
Shoulder
Sealing Area
and Connections
• New Vam & BTC
Threads
NEW-VAM BTC
and Connections
• Types of Joints:
• Threaded and Coupled Joint
Threads built on pipe body ends connected by
independent coupling
Examples: Tenaris Blue®, AMS, MVAM, VAM TOP,
HD563,
• Up Set Joint
Pin and Box threads built on upset pipe ends are
connected together without using separate coupling
Examples: Tenaris PJD™, XL, VAMFIT, VAMACEXS,
HD533, RTS

53/76
and Connections
• Types of Joints:
• Near Flush Joint
Closed pin and cold expanded box are built on
NU ends of pipe body, respectively and are
connected together without using separate
coupling
Examples: Tenaris Blue® Near Flush, ANJO,
HDSLX, SLIJII
• Flush Joint
Pin and box threads built in each NU end of pipe
body connected together without using independent
coupling
Examples: VAMFJL, HD511, STL, HDL

54/76
and Connections
• Thread Selection:
• Thread selection should be based on
the application, required performance
and its cost
• In general, the tread for a Production

Casing according to the type of fluid to
be handled and the expected
liquid APIis selected
pressure, <5000 Premium
as follows:
Thread psi> Thread
Gas API <3500 Premium
Thread psi> Thread

55/76
and Connections
• Thread Selection:
For an Intermediate Casing the thread
selection is based on the differential pressure
on the connection expected:
• If the expected differential pressure across the

connection is > 7,500 psi, it is recommended
the use of premium connections
• API Connections could be used by improving
the design but the seal is not reliable
• The API 5C2 gives the leak resistance for API

C. connections
Strengths
5. Mechanical Strengths
1. Tension Strength
2. Bursting Strength
3. Collapse Strength
4. Torsional Strength

57/76
5. Mechanical StrengthsStrengths
• Tension (Yield) Strength
Yield Strength
 A test specimen of the material is tensioned along its
axis which results in an increase of its length (or
stretch) proportional to the applied tension
 While the tension remains below a certain value, the
strain experienced by the specimen is proportional
and can be eliminated if the tension is taken out,
returning to its original condition
 For a given value of the applied tension the
specimen will experience permanent deformation
and the strain cannot be dissipated which means that
the specimen will not recover its original length when
the tension load is eliminated.
 Further increase of the tension will increase
considerably the strain until the strength limit
C. resulting
Schlumberger-ROO inDRILLING
FAST TRACK the specimen breaking,
TRAINING.–. Module as& can seen in
4: Casing Selection
58/76
Tension Load Vs. Strain for a given material
Ultimate Yield Strength

C Breaking Point
Yield Point B
A
Elastic Limit
0
Stretch (Elongation) –> Strain

59/76
API defines “Minimum Yield Strength” like the tension
stress value required to produce one strain (elongation) of
0.5% per unit length in the test specimen of a given
material
For Steel Grades P- 105 y P- 110 the elongation is 0.6%

60/76
• Yield Strength for Casing Pipe
Body
• API defines “Yield Strength” of a pipe body as the
product of the sectional area times the “minimum
yield strength” of the steel grade.
Py = 0.7854 (D2 – d2) Yp
Where,
Py = Yield Strength for the pipe body
(psi)
Yp = Minimum Yield Strength of the
pipe body (psi)
D = Nominal Outer Diameter of the
C. pipe (pulg.)
61/76
Strengths
• API Yield Strength
API Yield Strength (psi) (%) of elongation for

Grade Minimum Maximum breaking the specimen
H-40 40,000 80,000 29.5

J-55 55,000 80,000 24.0
K-55 55,000 80,000 19.5
C-75 75,000 90,000 19.5
L-80 80,000 95,000 19.5
N-80 80,000 110,000 18.5
C-90 90,000 105,000 18.5
C-95 95,000 110,000 18.0
P-110 110,000 140,000 15.0

62/76
Strengths
• Burst Strength
• Bursting Strength is defined as the value of internal

pressure that is required to make the pipe body to
yield
• Bursting failure is followed by pipe body or coupling

leaks

63/76
Strengths
• Burst Strength
• Casing Bursting Yield Pressure can be calculated with

the formula:
Where,
P = Minimum Bursting Yield
Pressure (psi)
Yp = Minimum Yield Strength of
pipe (psi)
t = Nominal pipe wall thickness (in)
D = Outside diameter of pipe body
The factor 0.875 corresponds(in)
to the maximum tolerance
allowed on the pipe wall thickness, which is of 12.5 %

64/76
• Burst Strength
Exercise:
• Calculate the Bursting Yield Pressure for a 20”, K – 55,

133 lb/ft casing, having nominal wall thickness of 0.635”
Solution:
The minimum Yield Strength for grade K-55 is 55,000 psi
Replacing terms in the formula for Internal Yield

Pressure, we get:
Pbr = 0.875 (2)(55,000)(0.635)/20 =

3,056 psi
C. Which is the bursting Pressure for one externally

65/76
• It is defined as the external

pressure value required to
deform one pipe specimen,
assuming that there is not
internal pressure or fluid
column which hydrostatic
pressure opposes to the
external pressure

66/76
Examples of collapsed casing pipes

67/76
• Types of
Collapse
Collapse by Yield
Plastic Collapse
Transition Collapse
Elastic Collapse
Details on Collapse calculations can be found in

C. API - 5CT
68/76
• Minimum Strengths Requirements for
Casing
Minimum strength requirements for casing and
tubing pipe manufacturing are specified in the API
Bulletin API – 5CT.
Likewise, the minimum strength requirements for

Line Pipe and Drill Pipe are specified in API Bulletins
5L and 5D, respectively
Manufactures can produce tubulars with their own

specs as long as they meet or exceed those
C.
minimum requirements given by the API
69/76
• Effects of Tension and Compression on Collapse and
Bursting
Effects of Tension:
 Collapse Strength for a tubular is drastically reduced if it is

under tension at the same time.
 On the other hand, Bursting Strength of a tubular is

drastically increased if the tubular is under tension.
Effects of Compression:
 The two previous statements are opposed when the tubular

is under compression at the same time: Collapse Strength is
increased while Bursting Strength is reduced with
compression simultaneous on the pipe

70/76
• Casing Wear

71/76
• Casing Wear – Causes:
 Direct and repetitive contact of the drill

string while tripping or rotating inside the
casing
 Dragging action against the casing of PDC
bits run with directional assemblies of high
bent angle
 Direct contact of wire line / slick line tools in
deviated holes
 Long time exposure to corrosive fluids both
from the formation or to those used in
stimulation jobs
 Sanding produced by abrasive solids in the
drilling fluid while drilling or circulating
72/76
• Casing Wear Mechanisms:
 Fatigue Wear
 Accumulation of repetitive stresses

above the endurance limit of the material
 Abrasive Wear
 Caused by sandy effect of solid particles

contacting casing walls
 Erosive Wear
 Caused by stream of abrasive particles

transported in the fluid stream produced
or injected along the casing string

73/76
• Casing Wear Mechanisms:
 Corrosive Wear
 Caused by the influence of the

surrounding environment
 Wear by Contact
 The sum of the previous four wearing

mechanisms
 Adhesive Wear
 Occurring by the transference of

material from one surface to the other
in relative movement, specially in the
C.
case of welded surfaces
74/76
• Casing Wear Consequences:
 Downgrading of mechanical
properties of casing material
 Sudden lost circulation events
 High costs of fishing and / or
casing repairing operations
 Invasion of unwanted fluids into
the well bore
 Decrease of well productivity
 Casing plug back by the build up
of solids suspended in the
produced fluids

75/76
• Casing Wear Control:
 Well Design
 Avoiding dog legs and improving well
trajectory
 Avoid drilling of long open hole sections
 Mud Type
 Prefer muds with low solids content
and with the minimum density
 Casing Selection
 According to the exposition time to
corrosive fluids or sour gases
 Mechanical protection
 Install of wear bushing on WH, DP
protectors, Centralizers,
 Drill with down hole motors in deviated
holes, etc. 76/76

01 Casing Dimensions, Materials & Strengths

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Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK

4.1. Casing Dimensions, DRILLING

1. Basis for Casing Design

2. Functions of Casing Strings

3. Types of Casing Strings

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

1. Considerations for Casing

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• Conductor casing can be set in three

• Installed to protect aquifer zones from

contamination with drilling fluids used to drill 6. A

Run to isolate potential or known lost circulation 4.

zones, problematic zones (reactive / unstable

• Isolates incompatible zones to avoid

• Production casing can be conventional Csng.

from bottom to the surface or a liner

section of previous casing Intermediate

• Installed to isolate troublesome zones like

• Installed by economical reasons or due to

• Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

API recommended tolerances for Outside

Casing Outside Diameter (in) Tolerance ( mm.)

> 4 ½” + 1.00, -0.50% D

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

API recommended tolerance for wall thickness of non upset pipe is

API recommended tolerance for wall thickness of upset pipe is –

• It is calculated with the formula:

WL = Adjusted weight per joint length, (lb)

Adjusted weight for all casing pipes can be obtained from

• Can also be calculated with the formula:

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• API Tolerances for casing pipe weight:

According to API – 5 CT weight

• For single joints + 6.5% , -

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• API has defined three ranges for casing pipe lengths, as

RANGE LENGTH AVERAGE

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• API has defined nine steel grade for casings, as

H – 40, J – 55, K – 55, C – 75, L – 80, N – 80, C –

Each steel grade is determined by alloy steel

• Steel alloy formulation

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• Level 1: Grades H – 40, J – 55, K – 55 y N – 80

• Level 2: Grades M – 65, L – 80, C – 90, C – 95

• Level 3: Grade P – 110

• Level 4: Grades above Level 3 like, Grade Q –

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

Las tablas 2 y 3 del API Spec. 5CT muestran los requerimientos

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

API Connections: Premium

Round Buttress Extreme NU Coupled Upset Formed Flush

• Round Thread: Short, STC or Long, LTC

Premium Connections (Proprietary

• API Connection – Round

C. Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING.–. Module 4: Casing Selection &

• Eight (8) threads per inch