4 Pure Bending

Seventh Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
4 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Pure Bending
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Edition
Seventh
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Contents
Pure Bending Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Other Loading Types Plane of Symmetry
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Residual Stresses
Bending Deformations Concept Application 4.5, 4.6
Strain Due to Bending Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Beam Section Properties Concept Application 4.7
Properties of American Standard Shapes Sample Problem 4.8
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Unsymmetric Bending
Sample Problem 4.2 Concept Application 4.8
Bending of Members Made of Several General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Materials
Concept Application 4.3
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4-2
Edition
Seventh
Pure Bending
Pure Bending:
Prismatic members
subjected to equal
and opposite
couples acting in
the same
longitudinal plane
Fig. 4.2 (a) Free-body diagram of

the barbell pictured in the chapter
opening photo and (b) Free-body
diagram of the center bar portion
showing pure bending.
Edition
Seventh
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
Fig. 4.3 (a) produces internal forces equivalent to an
Free-body
diagram of a axial force and a couple
clamp, (b) free-
body diagram of
the upper
portion of the
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
clamp. distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Fig. 4.4 (a)

Cantilevered
• Principle of Superposition: The normal
beam with end stress due to pure bending may be
loading. (b) As
portion AC combined with the normal stress due to
shows, beam is
not in pure
axial loading and shear stress due to
bending. shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
Edition
Seventh
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
Fig. 4.5 (a) A member in a state of

• The sum of the components of the forces in any
pure bending. (b) Any intermediate direction is zero.
portion of AB will also be in pure
bending. • The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
Fig. 4.6 Summation of the infinitesimal
stress elements must produce the M z    y x dA  M
equivalent pure-bending moment.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4- 5

Edition
Seventh
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
Fig. 4.9 Member subject to pure

• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
bending shown in two views. (a) above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
Longitudinal, vertical view (plane of
symmetry) and (b) Longitudinal, below it
horizontal view.
Edition
Seventh
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L    y 
  L  L    y      y
 y y
x     (strain va ries linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ 
 m
y
x   m
c
Fig. 4.10 Kinematic definitions for
pure bending. (a) Longitudinal-
vertical view and (b) Transverse
section at origin.
Edition
Seventh
Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic and
homogeneous material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c Fig. 4.11 Bending stresses vary linearly
with distance from the neutral axis.
• For static equilibrium,
y • For static equilibrium,
Fx  0    x dA     m dA
c  y 
M    y x dA    y    m  dA
  c 
0   m  y dA
c   I
M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
axis is zero. Therefore, the neutral m  
I S
axis must pass through the section y
Substituti ng  x    m
centroid. c
My
x  
I
Edition
Seventh
Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S   section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Fig. 4.12 Wood beam cross sections.
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   16 bh3  16 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the larger depth
h will be more effective in resisting bending.
Fig. 4.13 Two type of steel beam • Structural steel beams are designed to have a
cross sections. (a) S-beam and (b)
W-beam large section modulus.
Edition
Seventh
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 10

Edition
Seventh
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI
• Although transverse cross sectional planes remain

planar when subjected to bending moments, in-
plane deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y   x   z   x 
 
• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
  anticlasti c curvature
Fig. 4.16 Deformation of a

 
transverse cross section.

Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y 
 yA
A

I x   I  A d 2 
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M

fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.2

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
Fig. 1 Composite areas for 3
calculating centroid.  A  3000  yA  114 10
3
 yA 114 10
Y    38 mm
A 3000
  121 bh3  A d 2 
I x   I  A d 2  
Fig. 2 Composite sections for

 12
1 90  203  1800  122    1 30  403  1200  182 
12
calculating moment of inertia.
I  868  103 mm 4  868  10-9 m 4

Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.2

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A  76.0 MPa
A   
I 868  10 m 9 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m   131.3 MPa

B    
B
I 868  10 m 9 4
Fig. 3 Deformed radius of curvature

• Calculate the curvature
is measured to the centroid of the 1 M
cross sections. 
 EI
3 kN  m 1
 20.95 10 3 m-1
165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4 


  47.7 m

Edition
Seventh
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

• Consider a bar consisting of two different
materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly with
distance y. y
x  

Fig. 4.19 Stress and strain distributions in bar
Made of two materials. (a) Neutral axis shifted from • Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
centroid. (b) Strain distribution. (c) Corresponding
E1 y E2 y
stress distribution. 1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1  1dA   1 dA dF2   2dA   2 dA
 
• Define a transformed section such that
Fig. 4.20 Transformed
Fig. 4.21
Distribution of dF2  
nE1  y dA   E1 y n dA E
n 2
section based on
stiffness is used to
stresses in   E1
transformed
locate neutral axis.
section.
Edition
Seventh

SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of

the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
Fig. 4.22a Composite, sandwich structure cross the bar.
section.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of

• Determine the maximum stress in the
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
the maximum stress for the transformed
maximum stress in the steel and
section by the ratio of the moduli of
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
elasticity.
is applied.
Edition
Seventh
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n   1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT  0.4 in  1.933  0.75 in  0.4 in  2.25 in
• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3  1 2.25 in.3 in.3
I  12 T 12
Fig. 4.22b Bar length and height  5.063 in.4

dimensions.
• Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc 40 kip  in.1.5 in.
m   4
 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in.
 b max   m  b max  11.85 ksi
 s max  n m  1.933 11.85 ksi  s max  22.9 ksi

Edition
Seventh
Reinforced Concrete Beams

• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
bx x  n As d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
Fig. 4.23 Reinforced concrete 2
beam: (a) Cross section showing
location of reinforcing steel. (b)
Transformed section of all concrete. • The normal stress in the concrete and steel
(c) Concrete stresses and resulting My
steel force. x  
I
c   x  s  n x
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.
• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.
• Calculate the maximum stresses

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with in the concrete and steel.
5/8-in-diameter steel rods placed 1.5 in.
above the lower face of the slab and
spaced 6 in. on centers. The modulus of
elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.4

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n   8.06
Ec 3.6 106 psi

 
nAs  8.06  24 85 in   4.95 in 2
2

Fig. 1 Transformed section to
calculate neutral axis.
• Evaluate the geometric properties of the
transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.954  x   0 x  1.450 in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in 3  4.95 in 2 2.55 in 2  44.4 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in  1.45 in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Fig. 3 Force diagram at a cross
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s  18.52 ksi
section to calculate stresses.  s  n 2  8.06
I 44.4 in 4

Edition
Seventh
Stress Concentrations
Fig. 4.24 Stress-concentration factors for Fig. 4.25 Stress-concentration factors for
flat bars with fillets under pure bending. flat bars with grooves (notches) under pure
bending.
Stress concentrations may occur:
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied Maximum stress:
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes Mc
m  K
in cross section I

Edition
Seventh
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
 x   m strain varies linearly across the section
c
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
Fig. 4.27 Linear strain distribution
in beam under pure bending. the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x  
I
• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
Fig. 4.28 Material with nonlinear compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
stress-strain diagram.
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
Fig. 4.29 Nonlinear stress distribution

in member under pure bending.

Edition
Seventh
• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

Fig. 4.29 Nonlinear stress distribution
from an experimentally determined value of MU
in member under pure bending. and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB 
I
• RB may be used to determine MU of any

member made of the same material and with the
same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.
Fig. 4.30 Member stress

distribution at ultimate moment MU.

Edition
Seventh
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

• Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
 x  Y m 
I
I
 m  Y M Y   Y  maximum elastic moment
c
• If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
 2
3 M 1  1 yY

M  yY  elastic core half - thickness
2 Y

3 2
c 
• As the moment increase, the plastic zones expand, and

at the limit, the deformation is fully plastic.
M p  32 M Y  plastic moment
Fig. 4.33 Bending stress
distribution in a beam for: (b) yield Mp
impending, M = My, (c) partially k  shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
yielded, M > My, and (d) fully MY
plastic, M = Mp.

Edition
Seventh
Plastic Deformations of Members With a

Single Plane of Symmetry
• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to coincided

with the centroidal axis of the cross section.
• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1  R2
A1 Y  A2 Y
The neutral axis divides the cross section into
portions of equal areas.
Fig. 4.36 Nonsymmetrical beam

• The plastic moment for the member,
subject to plastic moment. (a) Stress
distributions and (b) resultant 
M p  12 A Y d 
moments acting at tension/
compression centroids.

Edition
Seventh
Residual Stresses
• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
• Since the linear relation between normal stress

and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.
• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).
Fig. 4.37 Elastoplastic material
stress-strain diagram with load
reversal. • The final value of stress at a point will not, in
general, be zero.

Edition
Seventh
Concept Application 4.5, 4.6
A member of uniform rectangular cross section is

subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.
Fig. 4.35 Rectangular cross

section with load My < M < Mp.

Edition
Seventh

• Thickness of elastic core:
 2
3 M 1  1 yY

M  
2 Y 3 2
 c 
 
2
3 28.8 kN  m 1  1 yY
36.8 kN  m  
2  3 2 c 

yY yY
  0.666 2 yY  80 mm
c 60 mm
Fig. 4.35 Rectangular cross section
with load My < M < Mp. • Radius of curvature:
• Maximum elastic moment: Y 240  10 6 Pa
Y  
I 2 2
c
 3 bc  2
3
50  10 m60  10 m
3 3 2 E
 1.2  10 3
200  109 Pa
 120  10 6 m3 y
Y  Y
I
 
M Y   Y  120  10 6 m3 240 MPa 
c

yY 40  10 3 m
    33.3 m
 28.8 kN  m Y 1.2  10 3

Edition
Seventh
Fig. 4.38 Determination of

residual stress: (a) Stresses at
maximum moment. (b) Unloading.
(c) Residual stresses.
• M = 36.8 kN-m • M = -36.8 kN-m • M=0

yY  40 mm Mc 36.8 kN  m At the edge of the elastic core,
 
m 
 Y  240 MPa I 120 106 m3 x  35.5  10 6 Pa
 306.7 MPa  2 Y x  
E 200  109 Pa
 177 .5  10  6
yY 40  10 3 m
  
x 177 .5  10  6
  225 m

Edition
Seventh
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due to a pure
bending moment
 x   x centric   x bending
P My
 
Fig. 4.39 (a) Member with eccentric A I
loading. (b) Free-body diagram of a
member with internal loads at section C.
• Result are valid if stresses do not exceed the
• Eccentric loading proportional limit, deformations have negligible
FP effect on geometry, and stresses are not
M  Pd evaluated near points of load application.
Fig. 4.41 Stress distribution for eccentric loading is obtained by superposing the
axial and pure bending distributions.

Edition
Seventh

SOLUTION:
• Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
• Superpose the uniform stress due to

the centric load and the linear stress
due to the bending moment.
Fig. 4.43 Open
chain link under • Evaluate the maximum tensile and
loading.
compressive stresses at the inner
and outer edges, respectively, of the
An open-link chain is obtained by superposed stress distribution.
bending low-carbon steel rods into the
shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine • Find the neutral axis by determining
(a) maximum tensile and compressive the location where the normal stress
stresses, (b) distance between section is zero.
centroid and neutral axis
Edition
Seventh

• Normal stress due to a
centric load
A  c 2   0.25 in 2
 0.1963 in 2
P 160 lb
0  
A 0.1963 in 2
 815 psi
Fig. 4.43 Free-body diagram • Normal stress due to

for section at C to find axial
force and moment. Stress at bending moment
section C is superposed axial
and bending stresses. I  14 c 4  14  0.254
• Equivalent centric load  3.068  103 in 4
and bending moment Mc 104 lb  in 0.25 in 
P  160 lb m  
I 3.068  103 in 4
M  Pd  160 lb 0.65 in 
 8475 psi
 104 lb  in

Edition
Seventh
Fig. 4.43 (c) Axial stress at

section C. (d) Bending stress at
C. (e) Superposition of stresses.
(c) (d) (e)
• Maximum tensile and compressive • Neutral axis location

stresses P My0
t  0 m 0 
A I
 815  8475  t  9260 psi
P I 3.068 10 3 in 4
y0   815 psi
c  0  m AM 105 lb  in
 815  8475  c  7660 psi
y0  0.0240 in

Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.8

The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
• Determine equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
• Superpose the stress due to a centric

load and the stress due to bending.
Fig. 1 Section geometry to find centroid
location. • Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable
From Sample Problem 4.2, tensile and compressive stresses.
A  3 10 3 m 2
• The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y  0.038 m of the two critical loads.
I  868 10 9 m 4

Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 4.8

• Determine equivalent centric and bending loads.
d  0.038  0.010  0.028 m
P  centric load
M  Pd  0.028 P  bending moment
• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads

Fig. 2 Section dimensions for finding
A  
P Mc A
 
P

0.028 P 0.022   377 P
location of point D.
A I 3 10 3 868 10 9
P Mc
B    A  
P

0.028 P 0.022   1559 P
A I 3 10 3 868 10 9
• Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

 A  377 P  30 MPa P  79.6 kN
 B  1559 P  120 MPa P  77.0 kN
Figs. 4 Stress distribution at

section C is superposition of axial • The largest allowable load P  77.0 kN
and bending distributions acting at
centroid.

Edition
Seventh
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
• Members remain symmetric and bend in

the plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis of the cross section

coincides with the axis of the couple.
• Will now consider situations in which the

Fig. 4.44
bending couples do not act in a plane of
Moment in plane symmetry.
of symmetry.
• Cannot assume that the member will bend

in the plane of the couples.
Fig. 4.45 Moment
not in plane of • In general, the neutral axis of the section will
symmetry. not coincide with the axis of the couple.
Edition
Seventh
Unsymmetric Bending
• 0  Fx    x dA      m dA
y
 c 
or 0   y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid
Fig. 4.46 Section of arbitrary shape where the

 y 
neutral axis coincides with the axis of couple M. • M  M z       m dA
y
 c 
Wish to determine the conditions under σ I
or M  m I  I z  moment of inertia
which the neutral axis of a cross section c
of arbitrary shape coincides with the defines stress distribution
axis of the couple as shown.
• 0  M y   z x dA   z   m dA
• The resultant force and moment y
from the distribution of  c 
elementary forces in the section or 0   yz dA  I yz  product of inertia
must satisfy couple vector must be directed along
Fx  0  M y M z  M  applied couple a principal centroidal axis

Edition
Seventh
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
• Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
Fig. 4.49 Unsymmetric bending, with M z  M cos M y  M sin 
bending moment not in a plane of
symmetry.
• Superpose the component stress distributions
Mzy Myy
x   
Iz Iy
• Along the neutral axis,

Fig. 4.51 MZ acts in a plane that
includes a principal centroidal axis,
x  0  
Mzy Myy
 
M cos  y  M sin   y
bending the member in the vertical
plane.
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan    tan 
z Iy
Fig. 4.54 Neutral axis for

unsymmetric bending.
Fig. 4.52 My acts in a plane that includes a principal
centroidal axis, bending the member in the horizontal plane.
Edition
Seventh

SOLUTION:
• Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z  M cos  M y  M sin 
• Combine the stresses from the

component stress distributions.
Mz y M yz
x  
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a Iz Iy
rectangular wooden beam in a plane
• Determine the angle of the neutral
forming an angle of 30° with the
axis.
vertical. Determine (a) the maximum y Iz
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the tan    tan 
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
Edition
Seventh

• Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z  1600 lb  in  cos 30  1386 lb  in
M y  1600 lb  in sin 30  800 lb  in
1 1.5 in 3.5 in 3  5.359 in 4
I z  12
1 3.5 in 1.5 in 3  0.9844 in 4
I y  12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y 1386 lb  in 1.75 in 
1   4
 452.6 psi
Iz 5.359 in
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
2 
M yz

800 lb  in 0.75 in   609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4
• The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading

occurs at A.
 max   1   2  452.6  609.5  max  1062 psi

Edition
Seventh
• Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Iz 5.359 in 4
tan   tan   4
tan 30
Iy 0.9844 in
 3.143
  72.4o
Fig. 4.55 Cross section with neutral axis

and stress distribution.

Edition
Seventh
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

• Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
• The eccentric force is equivalent to the system

of a centric force (P) and two couples (Mx and
My). P  centric force
M y  Pa M z  Pb
• By the principle of superposition, the
combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x   
A Iz Iy
• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Fig. 4.56 Eccentric axial loading. (a)
Axial force applied away from section Mz My P
centroid. (b) Equivalent force-couple y z
system acting at centroid.
Iz Iy A

4 Pure Bending

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 Pure Bending

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 4.2 (a) Free-body diagram of

Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

Fig. 4.4 (a)

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Fig. 4.5 (a) A member in a state of

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4- 5

Fig. 4.9 Member subject to pure

Strain Due to Bending

Stress Due to Bending

Beam Section Properties

Between two beams with the same cross

Properties of American Standard Shapes

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 10

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Although transverse cross sectional planes remain

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 11

Sample Problem 4.2

Sample Problem 4.2

Fig. 2 Composite sections for

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 13

Sample Problem 4.2

M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m   131.3 MPa

Fig. 3 Deformed radius of curvature

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 14

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

Concept Application 4.3

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

Bar is made from bonded pieces of

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

Fig. 4.22b Bar length and height  5.063 in.4

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 17

Reinforced Concrete Beams

Sample Problem 4.4

• Evaluate geometric properties of

• Calculate the maximum stresses

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 19

Sample Problem 4.4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 20

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 21

• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

Fig. 4.29 Nonlinear stress distribution

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 22

• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

• RB may be used to determine MU of any

Fig. 4.30 Member stress

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 23

Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

• As the moment increase, the plastic zones expand, and

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 24

Plastic Deformations of Members With a

• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to coincided

• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

Fig. 4.36 Nonsymmetrical beam

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 25

• Since the linear relation between normal stress

• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 - 26

Concept Application 4.5, 4.6