CE 315

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES-I

3 Hours per Week
No. of Credit: 3.0

Reinforced Concrete Constituents

By
Prof. Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam

Department of Civil Engineering

Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

The materials used for Reinforced Concrete Construction

are-

 Cement
 Aggregates
 Coarse Aggregate (Crushed Stone/Brick Chips)
 Fine Aggregate (Sand)
 Water & Air
 Reinforcing Steel
 Admixture
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

Cement • Impart binding properties & convert the

plastic mix to a solid mass

Aggregates • Provide mass or volume to the concrete &

reduce shrinkage effects on it
• Chemical reaction with cement
Water
• Provide workability

Reinforcing Steel • Provide Tensile Strength to Concrete

Admixture • To impart the desired performance such

as to increase workability
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

 All the cement constituents are in dry state.

 As soon as water is added to cement, chemical reactions
start simultaneously between them which is defined as
hydration of cement.
 The process of hydration is essentially the formation of
minute crystals of calcium and gels from the solution of
cement and water.
 As the crystals adhere to one another and to the surface of
sand or inert particles of aggregate (with which cement is
mixed), the entire mixture gets set and hardened resulting
in gaining strength.
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

The raw materials that makes the cement are-

Argillaceous Silica, Alumina & Iron Oxide

Matter (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3)

Calcareous Compounds of Calcium & Magnesium

Matter (CaCO3, MgCO3)
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

 Specific Gravity : 3.12 to 3.16

 Unit Weight : 94 lb/ft3 (for Commercial sack)
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Reinforced Concrete Constituents

CEMENT FACTORY
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

 The following mineral constituents are formed by chemical
reaction while mixing the raw materials during manufacturing of
cement-

Oxide Rate of Heat Ultimate

Component Composition Reaction Liberated Cementing
with water Value
Tri-Calcium Silicate, 3 CaO.SiO2 Medium Medium Good
C3 S
Di-Calcium Silicate, 2 CaO.SiO2 Slow Small Good
C2 S
Tri-Calcium Aluminate, 3 CaO.Al2O3 Fast Large Poor
C3 A
Tetra-Calcium
Aluminoferrite, 4 CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 Slow Small Poor
C4AF
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

 Since there are different types of cement for various

needs, it is necessary to study the percentage variation
in the chemical composition of each type in order to
interpret the reasons for variation.
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

Component
Type of Cement
C3 S C2 S C3A C4AF CaSO4 CaO MgO
Type I 49 25 12 8 2.9 0.8 2.4
(Normal)
Type II 45 29 6 12 2.8 0.6 3.0
(Modified)
Type III 56 15 12 8 3.9 1.4 2.6
(High Early Strength)
Type IV 30 46 5 13 2.9 0.3 2.7
(Low Heat)
Type V 43 36 4 12 2.7 0.4 1.6
(Sulfate Resisting)
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

According to American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)

Type I • used in ordinary construction, where special
(Normal) properties are not required

Type II • lower heat of hydration than Type I; used where

moderate exposure to sulfate attack exists or
(Modified) where moderate heat of hydration is desirable

Type III • used when high early strength is desired; has

considerably higher heat of hydration than Type
(High Early Strength) I.

Type IV • developed for use in mass concrete dams and

other structures where heat of hydration is
(Low Heat) dissipated slowly.

Type V • used in footings, basement walls, sewers, and

so on that are exposed to soils containing
(Sulfate Resisting) sulfates.
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

INFLUENCE OF FINENESS OF CEMENT

ON STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT

 Size of particles affects rate of reaction of cement with

water.

 The surface area of the particles of finely ground cement is

greater than that of coarsely ground cement.

 Therefore, greater rate of reactions with water and a more

rapid hardening process.
 Reinforced Concrete Constituents

HEAT GENERATION DURING INITIAL SET

 Different types of cement generates different degrees of

heat at different rates.

 The bulkier and heavier in cross section the structure is, the
less the generation of heat of hydration is desired.

 In dams, piers and caissons, type IV cement is preferred.

 Therefore, the type of structure and the prevailing

conditions govern the type of cement that will be used.