What is Diplomacy?

DIPLOMACY IS...
Ernest Satow : The application of tact and intelligence to the
conduct of foreign relations between governments of
indenpendent states
Suwardi Wiriaatmadja Pengantar Hubungan Internasional: In
diplomacy itself there is an inter-state relationship procedure that
is value-free and highly dependent on the abilities and skills of
those who carry it out.
Kautilya is a potential war, because war is a business seeking more
political goals by military coercion than by bargaining
• Diplomacy is an essentially political activity and, well resourced
and skilful, a major ingridient of power. The overall activity to
exercise the foreign policy of a country in relation to other
countries. It can be bilateral or multilateral.

• A country in its diplomatic activities, there are two instruments

that are often used;
a) MFA
b) Diplomatic Representation
 THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Until the seventeenth century, responsibility for diplomacy in the
states of Europe was routinely allocated between different
bureaucracies on a geographical basis.
1626 : first foreign ministry was created by Cardinal Richelieu (the
legendary chief minister of the French King, Louis XIII)
It was well until nineteenth century before the average foreign
ministry – which remained small – had become bureaucratically
sophisticated.
Major reason for the creation of A MFA was to recruit, brief,
despatch, finance, and maintain secure and regular
communications with the state’s diplomatic representatives
abroad
 REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD

• The national omen of national honor

• Diplomatic Representative
• The legitimate juridical representative
THE PURPOSE...
As MFA
• Staffing and Supporting mission abroad
• Policy advise and implementation
• Policy coordination
• Dealing with the foreign diplomats at home
• Building support at home
As Representative abroad
• Representation
• negotiations
• Reporting
• Safeguard the interests of the nation and citizens
THE PURPOSE OF DIPLOMACY IS
1. Political objectives, relating to political freedom and territorial
integrity. In the context of Indonesia is to maintain the
independence that has been obtained and protect the
sovereignty of NKRI territory from Sabang to Merauke
2. Economic Goals, related to national economic development
3. Cultural Objectives, preserve and introduce national culture to
the international world
4. Ideology, maintaining the beliefs and beliefs a nation believes.
(In the context of Indonesia is Pancasila)
(S L Roy,1991,Diplomasi,Jakarta: Rajawali Press., Hal. 5-13)
 INDIA
Four methods are used in diplomacy
1. Sama  road of friendship; negotiation, persuasion, brainstorming.
2. Dana  reciprocity to harmonize and balance between countries
3. Bheda  done when Sama and Dhana did not produce results;
sabotage silent through bring into conflict, damage facilities etc.
4. Danda  aggressive attempts of assault or punishment of another
country.
4th century BC, Kautilya wrote Arthasastra about the state and the
importance of geopolitical aspects. Politics among members of different
international societies, essentially determined by the constellation:
friend - enemy - and – neutral.
Kautilya realized that "danda" (power) is the real mediator of
international politics.
GREECE
Thucydides gives an overview of diplomatic practices in Ancient
Greece
6 BC The Greeks chose a speechwriter to be a trusted messenger to
defend the case in front of the people's assembly of the towns
sent to negotiate.
5 BC began the delivery of delegations between cities in Greece,
and there was an awareness that inter-state relations were not
only regulated through deception and violence.
Thucydides argues that war as an attempt to resolve international
disputes is "bad and insecure".
Thucydides in "Peloponnesian War" states that people will admire
deep insights about fine art of negotiation
ROMAWI KUNO
The Romans had a good “practical sense" and an amazing
administrative capacity.
In the growth and development of international law, they create
several phrases such as:
1. ius civile (law applied to Roman citizens);
2. ius gentium (a law applied to Roman citizens with strangers); and
3. ius naturale (a law common to all mankind).

There is no Concept of Alignment in Roman diplomacy. They put

pressure on the sanction of the agreement.
DIPLOMASI ABAD 15-16
Modern diplomacy as an organized (profession) profession (office)
grew up in Italy in medieval times. And Italian city states have
been developing diplomacy systems for a long time. Using a
permanent (representative) system of representation, which is
actually a characteristic (typical) characteristic of modern
diplomacy.
At this time Diplomacy conducted by Venice contributed greatly to
the archiving system that has been arranged neatly.

At this time, it became the starting point of awareness about the

need for a solid foundation for diplomatic service
ABAD 17
In the 17th century, permanent missions or placements were
common practice among countries, and diplomacy has become a
profession and gained public recognition as a method of
international relations
The French method survives as a model of diplomacy for a long
time. During this period the French paid great attention to the
written instructions given to the ambassador.
Harold Nicholson illustrates that in this century progress of
diplomacy theory that has been obtained departs from the
narrow conception of exclusive tribal rights to a broader
conception of the inclusive public interest.
 ABAD 18

In the latter part of the 18th century, the industrial revolution, the American
revolution, the French revolution, has led to an age or a new period for
diplomacy in particular and also for history in general.
1. There is general recognition given to a system that generally accepts
international law.
2. The existence of the influence of military political class which seeks to
perpetuate the feudal system in which this group then plays a major role in
the development of diplomacy.
3. Appears in line with technological developments. - The concept of the
bourgeoisie about diplomacy, one of which is practiced by the British -
(English put forward Profit Politics drpd Power Politics)
ABAD 19 - 20
New diplomacy of the 19th century requires both new methods and
new problems of these methods (ways) to be established or
determined in international agreements and have developed into
a code or system that is "intricabe or intricate "Which is generally
met and explained by countries
In the 20th century is more open to the public and the emergence of
international organizations as a forum for diplomacy. Disclosure
in diplomacy is related to how access given to the community is
related to the process and results achieved in an agreement.