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Engine Dynamics
Pe : maximum power at
PM ωe
Vehicle Dynamics
Pe ωe angular velocity
P[kW]
Te
Te is the torque
T[Nm]
that provides Pe
ωM
ω [rpm]
ω [rad/s] PM
P1 =
ωM
PM = 50 kW at ωM = 5600 rpm
P
P2 = M2 1
Pe = P1 ωe + P2 ωe 2+ P 3 ωe 3 ωM
P
P3 = − M3
ωM
Driveline dynamics
Engine Dynamics
Pe : maximum power at
PM ωe
Vehicle Dynamics
Pe ωe angular velocity
P[kW]
Te
Te is the torque
T[Nm]
that provides Pe
ω [rpm]
ω [rad/s]
𝐏𝐞= P1 ωe + P2 ωe2+ P3 ωe3
2
Pe
Te = = P1 + P2 ωe + P3 ωe2
ωe
Driveline dynamics
Engine Dynamics
Indirect injection Diesel engines
Vehicle Dynamics
PM
𝐏 𝐞 = P 1 ωe + P 2 ωe 2+ P 3 ωe 3 P1 = 0.6
ωM
P
P2 = 1.4 M2
ωM
P
P3 = - M3
ωM
Corvette Z06
Vehicle Dynamics
Total displacement : 6997 cm3
PM = 377 kW ωM = 6300 rpm
TM = 637Nm
PM 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
P1 = = = 𝟓𝟕𝟏. 𝟐 𝐖/𝐬
ωM 𝟔𝟔𝟎
P 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
P2 = M2 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟕 𝐖/𝐬𝟐
ωM 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟐
P 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
P3 = − M3 = = - 1.3113X10-3 𝐖/𝐬𝟑
ωM 𝟔𝟔𝟎 𝟑
4
Pe = 𝟓𝟕𝟏. 𝟐 ωe + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟕 ωe2 - 1.3113X10-3 ωe3
Driveline dynamics
Driveline and Efficiency
Vehicle Dynamics
Clutch • the components that
Propeller transfer torque and
shaft power from the engine to
Drive the drive wheels
shaft
Differential
Gearbox
ωe ωe ωe ωe ωd
Fuel
Engine Te Te Clutch Te Gearbox
Te
Td
5
ωd ωd ωd ωw ωw v
Propeller Differential Wheel
Td Td Fx
Td Tw Tw
Driveline dynamics
Efficiency of driveline
P
Efficiency η= out η<1
Vehicle Dynamics
Pin
Power at wheel
Pw = ηPe
η = η c ηt
ηc = torque converter efficiency
ηt= transmission efficiency
Speed at wheel ωw
ωe = n ωw = ng nd ωw ωe
ωw=
ng nd Tw
ng = gear ratio vx
nd = final drive ratio 6
Rw
vx = Rw ωw Rw ωe
vx =
ng nd
Driveline dynamics
Efficiency of driveline
Power at wheel
Vehicle Dynamics
Pw = Tw ωw
Pw P
Tw = = η ng nd e Tw =η ng ndTe
ωw ωe
7
Driveline dynamics
Engine efficiency curves
0.27
Vehicle Dynamics
0.3
Pe 0.26 0.25
P[kW]
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.15
η = 0.1
ω [rpm]
ω [rad/s]
Vehicle Dynamics
Constant power
P
Pe = P0
P0
Te =
ωe
P[kW]
T [Nm]
T
ω [rpm]
ω [rad/s] 9
Vehicle Dynamics
Tw [Nm]
n2
Envelop
n3
n4
n5
n6
Vv [m/s]
Vv [km/h]
• Gearbox keeps the engine running at the maximum power or in a
working range around the maximum power
10
• P=Tω
Any gearing device in the driveline of a car can reduce or increase the
input torque in by increasing or decreasing the angular velocity
Driveline dynamics
Gearbox Dynamics
Example1
m = 1550 kg
Vehicle Dynamics
Rw = 0.326m
TM = 392 Nm at 4400 rpm
PM = 206000 W at 6800 rpm
1st gear ratio = n1 = 3.827
2nd gear ratio = n2 = 2.36
3rd gear ratio = n3 = 1.685
4th gear ratio = n4 = 1.312
5th gear ratio = n5 = 1
6th gear ratio = n6 = 0.793
Reverse gear ratio = nr = 3.28
Final drive ratio = nd = 3.5451
Vehicle Dynamics
Engine Te Te Clutch Te Gearbox
Te
Td
ωd ωd ωd ωw ωw v
Propeller Differential Wheel
Td Td Fx
Td Tw Tw
ni nd 3.5451 ni
ω e= 𝐯 = 𝐯 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐱
Rw 𝐱 0.326 𝐱
12
Driveline dynamics
Gearbox Dynamics
Example1
ωe (rad/s)
Vehicle Dynamics
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
v (m/s)
v(km/h)
ni nd 3.5451 ni
ω e= 𝐯𝐱 = 𝐯 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐱
Rw 0.326 𝐱
n1 = 3.827 ωe= 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 𝐯𝐱 13
Vehicle Dynamics
the gearbox? PM 206000
P1 = = =289.29 W/s
ωM 712.1
P 206000
P2 = M2 = = 0.40624 W/s2
Pe = P1 ωe + P2 ωe2 + P3 ωe3 ωM 712.1𝟐
P 206000
P3 = − M3 = 𝟑 = -5.7049X10
-4 W/s3
ωM 712.1
Tw = ηnind Te 14
Vehicle Dynamics
n1
Tw [Nm]
n2
Envelop
n3
n4
n5
n6
Vv [m/s]
Vv [km/h]
15
Driveline dynamics
Acceleration capacity
PM Maximum power
Vehicle Dynamics
𝟏
PM = TeωM = Fx vx
η
ax [m/s2]
Fx = max
𝟏
PM = Fx vx
η
m
PM = a v Vx [m/s]
η x x
Vx [km/h]
η 𝟏
ax = PM Max acceleration of a vehicle at speed vx
m vx 16
Driveline dynamics
Tractive Effort in Normal Driving
Resistance force
m = vehicle mass
fr = rolling resistance coefficient
𝝆𝒂 = air density
𝑨𝒇 = vehicle frontal area
𝑪𝑫 = drag coefficient 17
α = road angle