2017 02 24 - Semapa - Part 2 Real Losses

REDUCCION Y CONTROL DEL
AGUA NO FACTURADA …
… O COMO MEJORAR LA EFICIENCIA
OPERACIONAL Y LA SALUD FINANCIERA DE LA
EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PUBLICOS …
PARTE 2 : LA REDUCCION DE LAS

PERDIDAS FISICAS
Jean-Charles BELLEY, Consultor BID
Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 1

Las causas de pérdidas físicas…
Diferentes causas…
… diferentes técnicas de detección

Pérdidas Físicas
Técnicas de detección

Leaks in Tanks and Reservoirs
Use of traditional detection

methods :
Visual inspection of civil
structures and valves
Seal tests
Geophysical analysis methods
for basements
Usually, these leaks are not
so important: < 1% in case of
well-maintained infrastructure

Leaks in main transmission pipes
Specificities of some main

transmission pipes:
Access : depth and location (case of
long transmission lines from dams for ex.)
Pressure level : low pressures in
some cases
Material (concrete or PRFV for ex.)
Remote access shafts
Pipe difficult to drill
Examples of adequate methods:
Acoustic methods: Sahara, SmartBall
Gaz: He or H2

« Sahara » method

« SmartBall » method (for ø over 12’’)

Capacity of 20 km/day from a unique start point
Insertion using existing entry points (valves, air valves)

Leaks in the Distribution Network
The challenge: detection of invisible leaks

A HIGH
COST FOR
THE
OPERATOR

Pre-location : Pre-locators measuring the mechanical vibrations of pipes

due to the leaks

Acoustic correlation

Geophones or hydrophones
Detection of the noise from the

surface
Important: a confident mapping of the
network, good level of pressure and
well-trained operators….

Georadar

Injection of Gaz (Helium or H2)

Main constraint: need to perforate the surface (asphalte)

Fugas en redes de distribución
Como elegir el metodo más adecuado ?

Depende de varios parametros :
Presión de servicio
Material de la red
Profundidad de la red, revestimiento de calzada
Interferencias, transito, …
La mejor estrategia:
Arrancar con operaciones piloto
Contratar una firma especializada que capacite al personal operador en
operativos reales
Luego validar el equipo de detección y realizer la adquisición

Pérdidas Físicas
Organización de los programas de

detección

Importante de saber …
Algunos trucos para saber:
Normalmente entre 70 y 90% de las fugas se encuentran en las
acometidas y conexiones clandestinas (obras de baja calidad)
Los sectores donde hay mayor probabilidad de encontrar fugas son:
Zonas de alta presión (horas nocturnas en particular) o importantes variaciones
de presión (por ej. cuando no hay regulación en salida de estación de bombeo)
Material sensible (Asbesto cemento, PVC de baja calidad, tuberías metálicas sin
revestimiento adecuado,…)
Gran numero de conexiones ilegales (por ej. asentamientos)
La estrategia adecuada empieza por:

Disponer de un catastro de redes actualizado
Tener una organización eficiente para la detección y la reparación
de fugas
Regular y controlar la presión de servicio
To keep in mind…
Controlling leakage impact means controlling the delays for their
repair … in particular for major leaks !!!
Leak flows rise quickly as

invisible leaks become visible ones
Monitoring the Indicator of Repair Delay is fundamental for the

reduction of volumes lost

Starting with the management of visible leaks
1. Statistic analysis
Input of identified and repaired leaks in a Geographic Information
System (GIS) and analysis of the results of Leak detection Pilot
campaigns enable to identify sensitive areas that are priority areas
for Active Leak Detection or Systematic Leak Detection programs
2. Visual Controls
Presence of water at the surface or in metering shafts, …
Visual control of network accessories and fittings, in particular:
Accessories not systematically maintained, air valves, fire hydrants, overflows, …
Sensitive areas
Presence of “clean water” in the sewerage

Mapa de fugas en Cochabamba (2015-2016)

The Zoning : a key tool for optimizing the process
3. From Macro-zoning to Micro-zoning (District Metered Areas - DMA)

4. Night flow survey
Split - Croatia
Identifying the areas where investigate in priority

4. Night flow survey

DMAs (District Metered Areas)
Concepts:
DMA Management means EMT:
Isolated areas (from 500 to 2000 connections or from 5% to 10% of the
network length)
Permanent flow and pressure measurements at inlet points (and outlet
points if they are connected to other sectors)
-Engineering (design
Continuous monitoring of flows
variations
of
with alarm the
systems tonetwork)
detect abnormal flow
- Monitoring (permanent
Coordination with Customer
inside each DMA
flow
Management to identify the record)
customers included
- … And Training (new operational

Enable:
procedures)
The calculation and monitoring of the Water Balance by sector
The quick identification of leaks
But require adequate organization, tools and maintenance

Leakage Reduction : the Key Points
Leakage Reduction means not only detection … but also quick

repair !!!!
Leak Detection activities can become quickly very costly:
It is fundamental to measure the efficiency of this activity :
Night flow surveys before and after repairs (estimation of volumes of
loss recovered through repair)
Leak detection campaigns must include precise procedures for flow
survey
Leak Detection Teams must be well-trained : an indicator is required for
monitoring the efficiency of survey
The campaign must be stopped at the right moment : repairing leaks can
make new leaks appear !!!
→ It is important to know when to stop the detection in order to avoid to waste
money in leak detection activities for low economic benefits …

Leakage Reduction : the Strategy
The good Strategy :

Initial complete screening of the network as a corrective mean
DMA implementation and management for night flow survey
Active Leakage Detection program according to DMA survey
Periodic systematic screening of the network (once every 2 years for example)
Management of a leak database linked to the GIS
Performance Indicators Survey
Applying step-tests procedures:

2 screenings for each campaign when the number of detected leaks is high
Systematic night flow measurement before and after each screening

Real Losses
Pressure Management:
A smart and efficient solution for adequate
prevention of losses in the distribution network

How to control Real Losses?
PRESSURE MANAGEMENT
Unavoidable leaks
Quick and Active
effective Detectable Leaks Leak
repair Detection
ASSET MANAGEMENT:
New works quality, Maintenance, Asset
Renewal and Replacement

Pressure Regulation is fundamental
Pressure Regulation enables to reduce all types

of losses : small and major, deep, visible and
invisible
Excess of pressure and its quick variation

increase the frequency of leaks and reduce the
lifespan of infrastructures !
Excess of pressure may cause commercial

losses (low leaks undetectable by the meters)
Basic hydraulic concept

Pressure and Loss Flow
The type of link between pressure and loss flow is as

follows:
(Q1/Q0) = (P1/P0)N1
Specific studies provided the following results:

Japan (1980): Average value N1 = 1.15
UK Research (2002): Average Value N1 = 1.0
For small networks, N1 goes from 0.5 to 2.5

Value of N1 depending on the type of leaks
Small leaks at joints, fittings, corrosion points :

N1 is around 1.5
Larger leaks in metal and asbestos cement pipes :

N1 is around 0.5
Larger leaks in other types of material (PVC, PEHD,

PRFV) : N1 can reach 2,5

Benefits of Pressure Regulation
In a network with an average pressure Po = 50 mCA and a leakage

flow Q0 = 10.0 m3/h in the sector, what would be the impact of
reducing the average pressure from 50 to 30 mCA on loss flow?
Using the relation Q1 = Q0 x (P1/P0)N1 :
with N1 = 0.5 : Q1 = 10 x (30/50)0.5 = 7,7 m3/h
with N1 = 1.5, Q1 = 10 x (30/50)1.5 = 4,6 m3/h

It means that the benefit from reducing the pressure 20mCA is
a decrease of loss flow between 23% and 54%
The UK WIR (Water International Reseach) recommends to
consider an average value of N1 = 1 : in that case, it would mean
a benefit of 40% of loss flow!

Pressure and Leak Frequency
2 main parameters have impacts on leakage frequency :

Max Service Pressure (by night)
Quick pressure variations

Impact of night pressure on leakage frequency
Test realised on 17 districts of Newcastle (England)

Case study : Gold Coast Zone, Australia
Leaks on service connections: from 26 to 4 per month

Leaks on main pipes: from 7 to 0 per month

Case study : Durban, South Africa

Max Pressure and Leak Frequency
Pessimist formula (Source: UK WIR):

F1/F0=(P1/P0)0,5
Best results: Bologna (Italy), Gold Coast Zone (Australia),

Palmira (Colombia) :
F1/F0=(P1/P0)3
Obtained with Flow-mod regulation in networks with asbestos

cement and cast iron pipes

Pressure Management and Leaks
As seen before, pressure management brings 2 main

benefits for the operator:
Reduction of lost volumes

→ Rational use of the water and savings in OPEX
Reduction of the leakage frequency

→ Reduction of customer complaints and repair works
frequency

Pressure Management
Pressure Modulation Concepts and Techs

The basis of an efficient leakage reduction
policy
Keep service pressure as much constant as possible
Allow low minimum pressure levels in the network in

accordance with service quality standards
Controlled and correctly regulated pressure is the

more cost-effective action against leak development

Pressure Control with regards to effective
demand: Peak Hours
Inlet pressure is reduced from 100 mCA to 60 mCA at peak hours:

sufficient to ensure 20 mCA at critical point of the network

demand: Night Hours
FIXED REGULATION
60 mCA as inlet pressure means high pressure in the

whole network
demand: Night Hours
ACTIVE REGULATION
20 20
By night, PRV is adjusted to reduce pressure level in the

whole network
Example of Pressure Regulation

Pressure & Flow Regulation : Existing Solutions
Variable Velocity Pumps

Flow Regulation : Existing Solutions
Flow Regulation Valve – FRV MONOVAR DN 2000 mm

Pressure Regulation : Existing Solutions
Pressure Regulation Valve - PRV

Pressure Regulation : Existing Solutions
Pressure Regulation Valve - PRV

Pressure Management
Requirements :
Confident knowledge of the network

Network Assessment : How does it work ?...
Critical points (high or low pressure areas)

Pressure survey (by night and by day)
Limits of distribution areas
Causes of anomalies (closed valves, blocked valves)
Bulk metering control and maintenance
Regulation of pumping stations
Tanks & reservoirs levels
Water hammer potential causes
Areas with highest frequency of leakage
Etc …
Design of Solutions : Engineering & field actions
Use of calibrated hydraulic model

Disconnection of distribution pipes from transfer pipes
Primary Zoning : sectorization according to ground level
(avoiding night pressure above 40m in low sectors of the network):
Control of boundaries
Monitoring equipment (for flow & pressure) on inlets & outlets with
permanent recording (data loggers)
Pressure control at critical points with permanent recording (data
loggers)
Regulation of inlet pressure according to the demand

(PRV)

Case Study : Cali (Colombia)
40 000
100 000 customers
customers
EMCALI
534 000
customers

Current zoning:
only 2 pressure
sectors
Northern
Reinforcement
WTP Rio
Cali Line excluded from
the service to
reduce the pressure

Current network
pressure :
from 47 to 67 mCA
→ Necessary
new zoning
design and
pressure
regulation

Pressure Management
Some Case Studies

Case Study : District of Westminster (England)
Impact of Pressure Modulation at critical point

Case Study : Palmira (Colombia)
Impact of Pressure Modulation on the NRW index

Case Study : Palmira (Colombia)
Night flow dropped from 40 m3/h to only 2 m3/h

Pressure Management : a priority
Pressure Management is one of the main basis for an
efficient strategy of loss reduction :
Implementation cost is very competitive compared to any
operational cost for detection and repair or investment cost for
pipe replacement
Time required for its implementation is usually short
Infrastructures are best preserved & their lifetime longer
Energy costs are optimized
But if Pressure Management is a basic condition for better loss
control, this solution cannot replace pipes renewal programs
for old networks with deteriorated pipes : the final solution
will be a mixed of the two activities

Pressure Management : a priority
Pressure Reduction does not mean reduction of billing (if pressure is
maintained within a correct range of value) but means:
Reduction of internal leaks in households (volumes generally not
detected by meters)
→ Pressure Management can be a solution for reduction of
Commercial Losses
A better balance of pressure in the network
→ A smart solution for improvement of service continuity and also
for increase of operational revenues
Pressure Assessment is a key study to carry out at the

beginning of any NRW Reduction Plan Design.

END OF PART 2

2017 02 24 - Semapa - Part 2 Real Losses

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REDUCCION Y CONTROL DEL

PARTE 2 : LA REDUCCION DE LAS

Jean-Charles BELLEY, Consultor BID

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 1

… diferentes técnicas de detección

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 2

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 3

Use of traditional detection

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 4

Specificities of some main

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 5

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 6

« SmartBall » method (for ø over 12’’)

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 7

The challenge: detection of invisible leaks

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 8

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 9

Pre-location : Pre-locators measuring the mechanical vibrations of pipes

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 10

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 11

Detection of the noise from the

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 12

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 13

Injection of Gaz (Helium or H2)

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 14

Como elegir el metodo más adecuado ?

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 15

Organización de los programas de

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 16

La estrategia adecuada empieza por:

Leak flows rise quickly as

Monitoring the Indicator of Repair Delay is fundamental for the

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 18

Presence of “clean water” in the sewerage

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 19

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 20

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 21

Identifying the areas where investigate in priority

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 22

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 23

- … And Training (new operational

But require adequate organization, tools and maintenance

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 24

Leakage Reduction means not only detection … but also quick

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 25

The good Strategy :

Applying step-tests procedures:

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 26

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 27

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 28

Pressure Regulation enables to reduce all types

Excess of pressure and its quick variation

Excess of pressure may cause commercial

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 30

The type of link between pressure and loss flow is as

Specific studies provided the following results:

For small networks, N1 goes from 0.5 to 2.5

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 31

Small leaks at joints, fittings, corrosion points :

Larger leaks in metal and asbestos cement pipes :

Larger leaks in other types of material (PVC, PEHD,

Taller Programa RANF 24/2/2017 32

In a network with an average pressure Po = 50 mCA and a leakage

with N1 = 1.5, Q1 = 10 x (30/50)1.5 = 4,6 m3/h