Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
P. Ramar Kalanjiam
SYNOPSIS
Specification Precast Pavements
Contract specification
General specification
Detailed specification
• Guide specification
• Manufacturer’s specification
Sequence of Activities to be done in Construction
Excavation Plastering
Soiling Doors
Roofing Painting
Masonry
Masonry classification
Stone masonry
Brick masonry
Reinforced masonry
Composite masonry
Stone Masonry
Based on the arrangement of the stones in the construction
and degree of refinement in the surface finish.
Mosaic • Glass
Terrazzo
• Marble
Granolithic
• Plastic or PVC
Tiled
• Asphalt
Roofing
Roof is the uppermost part of a building which is supported on
structural members and covered with a roofing material. The main
function of a roof is to enclose the space or building and to protect the
same from the damaging effects of weather elements such as rain, wind,
heat, snow, etc., A good roof also increases the life of the building.
Domes
Pitched Roof or Sloping Roof
roof truss
Foundation
The structure which is in direct contact with the ground. It transfers
the load of the structure to the soil below so as to avoid over – loading
of the soil beneath.
Expansion joint
Volume changed
Floor, roof – joint not necessary for small building
Large building – joint necessary(2-5cm)
Maximum temperature : day : expansion
Minimum temperature : night : contraction
Contraction joint
Plastic, drying shrinkage, concrete shrinks
Formwork removed in 3days, remains 7days and then shifted to curing tank
for 3 to 4 weeks
Advantage
Position of reinforcement not disturbed from original position
Sheathing
Wales or ribs
Yokes
Suspended scaffolding
Lifting devices
Operation
Over concrete base, slip form set is assembled and filled with concrete
After setting of concrete, sufficient rigidity in bottom then upward
movement started from bottom to top.
Depending upon temperature, properties of concrete lifting rate is 50
to 80mm
Experienced person is employed for movement of slip form while
moving
Uses
Vertical structures : economical
Used for piers, chimneys, towers, missile launching bases, water
reservoirs, silos, resolving restaurants, etc.,
Removal
Some factors: amount & nature of dead load
Use rapid hardening cement within 3-4 days formwork can removed
Removal
Slabs
Slabs : 3
Beams upto 6 : 14
Arches over 6 : 21
Fabrication & Erection of Trusses
Roof trusses : principle rafters, ties, struts, purlin, cleats etc., gusset plates,
rivets, bolts
Arrangement & size depends upon roof slope, span, loading wind pressure
distance
In rivets, pitch should not less than 3times diameter. L < 7 18mm diameter
rivets, L > 7 20mm diameter rivets
Three types of trusses north light roof trusses – factories, workshop, Bow
string type trusses – 20m span, arched truss
Small span end of truss fixed, large span one fixed, one end mounted on
steel rollers
Air conditioning of buildings
Process of treating air to control temperature, humid purity
distribution to meet the meet the requirement of conditioned
Composite - both
Principle of comfort air conditioning
Temperature control – comfortable zone for people both in summer &
winter
Air velocity control – velocity increases, temperature decreases 6-9m/s
Humidity control – with conditioned air is important, dry air , moisture is
added to heated air(summer), moisture extracted from cool air, humidity
40 – 60%
Systems
Central system – one focal point, conditioned air is distributed to all room,
less space for installation, maintenance easy, one unit(economical), instead
of more unit for every room
Unit system – window
Unitary control – from central to every unit
Combined control –central or self conditioned, central or semi conditioned
Frames
In portal frames structural roof members are rigidly connected to column or
post for continuous structural member to withstand bending
North light RC portal frames
Span 9m, rafter south facing slope 221/2•, north 60• - 80•
Rafter divided into sections for convenience in casting & transporting
Rafter is bolted together, gutter, purlin to support wood wool slabs
Slabs(insulators) – roof deck covered with north light glazing
Flat RC portal frames monitors
Two span portal type – monitor light provided, made of glazing, open for
ventilation
At junction of monitor light & flat roof – large heavy precast reinforced
concrete beams are bolted to frame
Serve for fixing roof covering & glazing
Domes
Semi – spherical or semi elliptical in
shape
Used as roof structure – material stone,
Types of domes
brick or concrete Spherical domes
The sound heard must be sufficiently loud in every part of the hall and no
echoes should be present
The total quality of speech and music must be changed ie., relative
intensities of several components of a complex sound must be maintained
The reverberation should be quite proper ie., neither too low nor too high
Formation of echoes
Reverberation
Insufficient loudness
Alarm system
Fire hydrants
Escape routes
Thank you