Chapter -1

Chapter 2
• People are not considered civilized unless they know
wrinting Modrn histroriens of ancient india

• Aryan –vedic and Sanskrit culture • Paleotiuic period – 2million Bc-10000 yr bc

• Pre-aryan Dravidian and tamil culture • Mesolithic-10k-7k year BC

• Ealistest tamil text-sangam liteture (300-600ad) • Neolithic -7k-2800yrbc

• Pre-aryan esat –munda and kolarian language

Paleolithic sites absent in alluvial pains of indus
• Chokravantins –Ashoka and sanmuragupta and ganga
• Prakrit was mostly spoeken 3 cenBC,ashoka inscrpit
(prakrit and Brahmi script

• A peculiar typoes of social system dev in the country –

cast/varna system

• It prevailed all the over india evern =========muslim and

Christians

• There exit in the morden times the ancient social

prejudices like cast system male domiatnt socity monual
labour religion sectarianism

Paleolithic 3 parts Middlle 50kbc-40kbc Upper 40k-10kbc

Early or lower 5000kbc- • Industries maily base on • Less humid

5okbc flakes • Coincide with last ice age phase
• Cover grater paert of • Shows regional material • Flint industries modern men (homo sapiens
ice age
• Balesd paints bares • Use blades and burins
• Use of hond axes scraper made of flakes
,cleovers choppers • Cause of rockselter in bhimbettka
• Geographical horizon of
• Axes fnd in inida lower and middle • Aso Gujrat dunes ,flakes blades and burin
• More or ess india asia coincides
eu af • Crude pubbe and 3rd
• Found soon in himoayan glacier
sohan(Panjab)pak • Artefacts found river
several in rohini thar narmada and
desart belon vally (up) tungabhadra
• Belon and narmada
couse of Bhimbetka
100,000bc old

Paleolithic
Human evolution took place ,small
population , no community life
lived in cave
Depend on huntiong and
gathering and food gathetering
Basic and unrefined tools
(axe,chooper etc)
No religion followed
Ex- Narmada valley
Chalocolithic farming culture
• Rural selter
• End of neo –use of metal
• First metal copper, settlement se
raj,mp mh,s&e india
• Malwa ware –richest among
chalocolithic econo
• Most extensive excavaton –mh(w( •
• Jorwe culture-left bank of
paravora river (ahnadanagar)
• jorwe=malwa+soutjjj neolthic
cultue
• Jorwe clutre-Moharoshtra area
(except vidarbha &Kankan coastal
• No religion as such but dead bodies buried •
regions)
• Daimabad &inamgoan-urban
_a;lmost )
• Stone blade industriesnera hills
• Ahar&Gilund –raj,ahar practiced
smelthing ,metallurgy
• Balck red pottery,practiced
agriculture,hourse was not there
• Varity of cereals in novdotali(mh)
• Not acquainted burnts
brick,house mud brick made
• Lagerst jorwe site-doimonbad
godawadri vally
• Lary no og bronge gods
discovered –dimobad
• Goneshwar people –
manufactured cu objects
• Calcolithic phase-jhum
cultivation
Mesolithic (hunter and herders)
• No further drastic human evolution
• Due to warmer climate & dry ,population
grew community life emerged
• Huts,hunting fishing fodd gathering later
domestication
• Domestication of animals land clearing for
animals (microlithic tool)
• Knolege of fir ,arrow head ,projectiles
motion
• Sites-raj ,central e india,south Krishna
• Adamgarh (mp)bagar(raj)-earlist
evidence of domestication 5000bc
• Plant cult(7000-6000bc)despite I sabhar
lake (raj)
• Paved way for rise of Neolithic culture
• Mural paintings (Bhimbetka Lakhudiyar)
Use of natural colors (belon and
narmada-polo -neo
• Men trees bird animals etc
• Scence of hunting ,riding, dancing etc
• Inialy lager and greater painting later got
more refined
propely eg-narmada valley
Neolithic (food producers
• House of seen dry bricks
• Agriculture stated (rice wheat barley)-
sedentary life>village
• Pottery for grain storage –wheel for
pottery making –evolved into carts
• Dead body buried properly
• Mehargarh more advanced pple
(Baluchistan)onLY site of neo
• Initial stage didnoty use pottery
,Refined and polished tool used (stone
axe)
• There are 3 neo dsites
• n-w-rect eith curved cutting
• n-e-polisded stone red butt ,shouldered
hoes)
• southeren-based on type of axes use
oval slides and pointed butt
• KASHMIR-DWELLING PIT CARRMIC
RONGR, VARITt of stonre &hoe tool
abences of microliths
• Burzahom
• Pple lived in lake side pit
Settlment possible bez area joing 4 river
ganga sones gandak ghaggra
• Gray potery –burzohom,burz –dog
buried along master
• bone implemented –chirond
• 2nd phase neo pple live in south of
godawari, 3rd hill assam
• Also near garo hill ,up
Allahada cultivated rice lived circular on
rect housing –mud&reed, produce ragi
black grame (krlolhi)
Hand made firt later weel ,black burnished
gray ware –impressed
Neo began in india 6 milibc
Setted near the stone bez of stone
,subsistence period
 Theories of origin
Harappan civilization
• Theory of foreign origin (Mesopotamian/summerion)
• Also called induas vally civilization
• But not like that (differences in uraban structure seal .script)
• But civilization has extended for all in
all direction • THEORY OF ARYAN ORIGION –LIVED IN VILLAGES
• Sutkongendor west • Theory of indigenous and gradual origin
• Doimabad souyh • Gradual tarsfomation since -3500bc
• Alamgirpur east
• Initial communitices of mehargarh etc moved near fertile land
• Manda (jammu) land of indus
• Mohanjodaro (great bath) • Calcolithic phase helped in unbernaiation
• Harappa
Political life
• Chonhudaro

•
Might be governed by some centralized authority
Lothal

• Kalibangan Reason

Features of civilaization  Proper town planning blide and right angle road
 Wells and proper drainage system
• Indigenous ,urban.presence of urban  Standerd and measure used everywhere
instituteions like modern time (citadel found)
• Literature (script) 2. secondary activites

• Envoloveed socity (entaintainment ,toys chess a. Art and crafts

found) Seal(trade),toys(entertainment),pottery (storage )
,beads (ornamentation )terracotta (various fig) making
• Materialistic out look (trade &commerce
industries,brick manufationg (house making)
flourish
Metallurgy metal used –copper gold silver bronge
• Extensive area covered
b. trade and commerce
• Advace mater manegemnt system
good exchanged for food grains
• Multiclased _artisions proto austroloids)
seal for authentication
• No iran and bronge age
both land (shortughai)and sea trade (lothal)
• Presence of centrileed admin (uniform town
balance of external trade was favorable (connection
plannig ,brick size. Common standard for with Mesopotamia)
wight /measures
science and tech copper-khetri mines –rajastha
Economic life
• use bringe and other gold –kolar karnataka
1 primary activates
materilas
timber-monda via Chenab
 Surplus argriculture social life
• textiles (women
1. Grain storge in harapa
cottahn piece found  mother goddess found
2. Secondary economic
in mohanjodaro) indicates higher status of
activites flourished
women
 Aware of crop rotation
• drainage stystm  multiclass
multiple cropping
 utilitarian and materialistic
practiced • standed weight and  various beed and
 Domestication of animal measures ornamaents indicates
inequaltity
• ciy laid from east-
 literate classs
west to ulize the sun
light ‘
religion life Decline of civilization-

‘practice nature worship (water fire peepla) Thorey-1due to forenign invasion

Animal worshiped (bull seal ) Literary references in Rigveda (indra as Purandar),fight

against evil spririts.
Belived god and gaddess (female figfound,seal of proto shiva –
pasupati) Vedic Aryan entered around 1500 bc and civilzedation
around 1750
Belived in amulets-found
Due to flood (mohohajodaro hit 7 times)
Used to do aarti sort of things (block monks on fig)
Due to change in course of river (Harkra-ghaggar at
Private affair( no public temple found),burial practices –belif in kalibangan)
death

Graveyards located away form habitation area (indicates civic

Truth behind decline
sence)
 Ecological embalance (agri surplusredued >affected
Various type og barial
everthing which followd )
Indicates differenc b/w rich and poor  Flooding inundation earthquack change in course of
river
 It failed to envolved with time .couldnot lean superior
tecjhnology form contemporary Mesopotamia
 But it was decline of urban phase only
 It survived in gujarati and mahrastrrahtra even during
1300bc
religion
 nature worship
 amulets
 pronto Shiva and phallus worship
socal life
 multiclass
 Multiethnic
Economical life
Knowledge of agriculture ,art and craft, trade and
commerces
Philosophy
Concept of life after death and hell and heaven

Science
Tec for bronze ,standared measasure,colours for
painting
 CHACOLLITHIC AND MEGALITHIC
AGE
CHACOLLITHIC preiod
Copper +stone,Formed 280-
700bc,Various culture existed
depending upon charactristics
and area,Ahar culture (river
banas)Udaipur,Malwa
culture(kalisindh vally)-darlpur
murena
Jorwe culture
Economic aspects
Agriculture and
domenstication of animals
Ad knowlwge of crops roration
irrigation
Religious aspects
Female fig of clay ,rare
indication of male god
Burial practices ,terracotta bull
shows symbol of religious cult
Social aspect
Large settlement surrounded by
small suggests that larger
dominationg small
Inequality suggested from
burial
Importance
Know art and smelting copper
First use painted pottery found
mainy place peninsular
Limitations
• Domasticated animal were
slaughtered and not milk
• Large burial of children
• No art of writhing known
• Did not take advantage
from the advanced indus
people
Chapter 2
• Morden reasraches I ancient history begon from the
second half of 18 cen
• A code of Gentoo laws –English translation of
monumusriti
• Asiatic socity-a result of effert of understanding
• setup by civil servent by williom jones
• Traslaated abhijonana shakuntalam –english\
Megalithic period
• Emerged in peninsular india
• Evidence of grave covered
with big stone boulders
• Iron implements found
• Roman coins and pottery
indicates indo-roman trade
• Ex-Brahmagiri
,maski(Karnataka)
Chapter 3
• South-stone temple
• East –brick monostries
• Age calculate by radiocarbon dating (c14)
• Ancient coins made- gold silver copper lead
• Bead body buried with there belongings encircled with big stone –megalithic
• Most coins mould –kushan perod (mode of burnt clay )
• largest no of coins-post ,mouryan
• Largest no of gold coin –gupta period
• Study of inscription-epigraphy
• Study of old writing in old record- paleography
• Soureces-seals cpoins bricks stone pillar rocks copper plate temple wall image
• Earlist inscription-stone
• Christion era-copper plate inscription
• Earlist inscrpt-written in prakrit 3rd cen bc
• Corpus inscri indicarum –hitry of mouryan post mouryan and gupta
• Harappa inscription –pietographic scrpt
• Ashokan inscription
brahim whole india
kharosht
greek &Aramaic script (afgn)
• Brahim till end of gupta time
• Manusript wittenbirch and palm leaves
• Cental asia prakrit from india
• Sanskrit manuscript mostly found south india Kashmir Nepal
• Jataka stories of rebirth of Buddha buddhuist text –pali
• Jain text prakrit ,compt-vallabhai Gujarat
• Megasthaese-indiaka
• Pliny- naturaolis historia (trade b/w india Italy )
Chapter 4
• Max. rain south west mansoon9JUN –Oct)
• Tamilnadu south east mansoo(oct-dec)
• Traders travelled with s-w mansoon form
western asia and Mediterranean area
• Returned witn north east monsoon