EXCITATION SYSTEM

SHUNT Excitation
 AVR power supply & reference
voltages.

 shunted on the alternator output

terminals.

 AVR generates and regulates

the excitation current as a
function of the alternator output
voltage.

 Extremely simple design and

ideal for basic applications.

 Cannot tolerate high overloads.

 Does not offer a short-circuit

capability.
 PMG Excitation
 Alternator same design as SHUNT.

 AVR powered by a permanent magnet

generator (PMG).

 PMG delivers constant voltage

independent of the main winding.

 The voltage reference is shunted on

the alternator output terminals.

 Suitable for demanding applications.

 PMG system has a high overload

capacity

 Improved performance over SHUNT

system.
 AREP Excitation
 The AVR power supply voltage
comes from 2 independent auxiliary
windings.

 AVR power supply is independent

of the voltage sensing measured on
the alternator output.

 Excitation current to the alternator

exciter is independent of voltage
distortions (harmonics) due to the
load.

 AREP system gives high overload

capacity & short-circuit capability.

 Particularly suitable for demanding

applications
 EXCITATION SYSTEMS
PMG AREP SE

High starting High starting

capacity capacity
Short-circuit Short-circuit Self protected
ADVANTAGES capability capability against short circuit

Intrinsic build-up No extra length No extra length

Extra No short- circuit

Specific winding
length capability
High number Low starting
DISADVANTAGES of components
Small added cost
capacity

Added cost Sensitive to

distorting loads if
thyristor controlled
 VOLTAGE (V) SE CHARACTERISTIC
( or auxiliary winding H1/ AREP) AREP/ PMG CHARACTERISTIC

AREP SERIES
( Auxiliary winding H3/ AREP)

SUSTAINED
VOLTAGE DIP

LOAD %
100% 200% 300%
LOW OVERLOAD HIGH OVERLOAD - SHORT CIRCUIT
3-Phase PMG Excited, 3-Phase Sensing
3-Phase Self Excited, 3-Phase Sensing
3-Phase AREP Excited, 3-Phase Sensing
EFFECT OF DRILLING RIG
LOAD ON ALTERNATOR
DESIGN
DRILLING RIG:
 A drilling rig creates a borehole, or well, where oil and natural gas can be
extracted for the production of fuels and other petroleum-based products.

 Drilling rigs may be described as mechanical or electric. These terms

refer to the method in which power is supplied to the larger equipment on
the rig.
 On mechanical rigs, power from the engines drives the rig equipment
either directly, through a clutch or through a torque converter.

 Electric rigs use engine power to drive one or more generators. The
generated electricity is then used to operate motors for the larger
equipment on the rig. There are three types of electric rigs:

 DC (Direct Current)
 SCR (Silicon Control Rectifier)
 VFD (Variable frequency Drive)
ELECTRIC RIG:

 Electric motors power the draw works, rotary table, pumps and other
systems with electricity from the generator. These applications are called
electric drilling rigs or electric rigs.

 The electric motors used for hoisting, drilling and pumping require high
torque at zero rpm and variable speed characteristics for efficient operation.
These characteristics are possible using the following methods:

 Direct Current (DC) Generators

 Alternating Current (AC) Generators with Silicon Controlled Rectifiers
(SCR)
 AC Generators with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Motors
GENERATOR SIZING
 A rig operating with the power limiter light on does not mean the engines are
being efficiently operated. Larger kVA generators (or other remedial action)
may be needed because generators may be at kVA limit and engines at only
30 to 50% load. A difficulty in efficiently sizing and operating an SCR or DC
rig is the common assumption that “x” amperes represents “y” power; this is
not true.

 If power factor is 1.0, then “x” amperes represents “y” power. At power
factors below 1.0, power is less than the amperes indicate.

 A power factor from 0.3 to 0.9 on an SCR rig, under steady-state conditions,
is evidence that generator sizing is important. During hoisting, power factor
varies from 0.0 to 0.95.

 There may be cases where the minimum number of engines cannot be

operated because of a high generator kVA requirement. Before examining
these variables, it is first necessary to review some characteristics of DC
motors
 DC Motor Characteristics
 The rpm of DC motors is
primarily controlled by the
voltage to the motor
(recognizing that motor type
series, shunt and control system
field weakening, etc. is related
factors). Ampere draw of the
motor controls torque output of
the motor.
 This leads to the realization that
a DC motor can work hard at
low rpm (draw high amperage
and produce high torque) and
not load the engine (but load the
generator) when operating at
low DC voltage/low rpm.
 A method to calculate AC
generator power factor due to
current draw of a DC motor
powered through an SCR
system.
 Mentioned graph the effect of
motor rpm (or DC voltage) on the
power factor of the driving AC
generators. For a constant rpm
(DC voltage), power factor is the
same from no load to full load.

 The best way to improve system

power factor is to ensure that DC
motors are run at as high an rpm
as possible. Every DC ampere
presents a 0.85 kVA load on the
generator, regardless of DC
power. Operating a DC motor at
high rpm reduces ampere load,
therefore kVA