Three Phases of Matter

Classification
of Matter
Solutions are
homogeneous
mixtures
Physical Separation Methods
• Distillation is the
separation of
mixtures by using
the difference in
boiling points of
liquids.
• A water cooled
condenser is used.
 Elemental Samples

• Zinc, copper, lead, carbon, sulfur

 Colored Compounds

• Cobalt(II) chloride, Iron(II) sulfate, Potassium

dichromate, Potassium chromate, Nickel(II)
nitrate, copper(II) sulfate
 Impure Matter - Mixture
• “A mixture is a blend of two or
more kinds of matter, each of
which retains its own identity and
properties.”
• A mixture is made up of two or
more substances that are not
chemically combined.
 Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated by simple
physical means.
• Two mixtures containing the same
substances may not have the same
proportions.
• Example: Very salty water versus
barely salty water. Very sweet sugar
water versus slightly sweet sugar
water.
 Water and Dye Mixture

• Two mixtures of the same substances may

have different proportions.
A solution is a particular type of mixture. A solution is a homogeneous
mixture where all particles exist as individual molecules or ions. Mixtures in
chemistry are combinations of different substances where each
substance retains its chemical properties.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous means that the

mixture is the same all the way throughout. You could take two same-sized
samples: one from the bottom and one from the top and they would be
identical. Homogeneous mixtures do not settle out if left to sit
undisturbed, whereas a heterogeneous mixture would.

Heterogeneous means that the mixture is not the same all the way
through. You can see the parts to the mixture.

Blood is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Salad dressing, soil, and

city air.

Sugar, paint, alcohol, gold are all examples of homogeneous mixtures

because they look the same throughout.
 Homogeneous Mixture
• Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in
composition.
• They have the same proportion of
components throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are called
solutions.
• A solution is a particular type of mixture. A
solution is a homogeneous mixture where
all particles exist as individual molecules or
ions.
• Salt water, kool aid, & gatorade all solutions
 Heterogeneous Mixture
• Heterogeneous mixtures are not
uniform throughout.
• Clay particles in water are an
example.
Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Sand and water on the left and sand and

gravel on the right.
Solution = Solute + Solvent
Solute
A solute is the dissolved substance in a
solution. What is getting dissolved.
Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinks
Carbon dioxide in soda drinks
Solvent
A solvent is the dissolving medium in a
solution. What is doing the dissolving.
Water in salt water Water in soda
 Particle Size
• The particle size for homogeneous
and heterogeneous mixtures is
defined.
– The solute particles for homogeneous
mixtures are so small that they cannot
be seen.
– Heterogeneous mixture particles are
visible.
 Suspensions and Colloids
Suspensions and colloids are NOT solutions.

Suspensions: The particles are so large that

they settle out of the solvent if not
constantly stirred.

Colloids: The particles intermediate in size

between those of a suspension and those of a
solution.
 Types of Colloids
Examples Dispersing Dispersed Colloid Type
Medium Substance

Fog, aerosol sprays Gas Liquid Aerosol

Smoke, airborn germs Gas Solid Aerosol

Whipped cream, soap suds Liquid Gas Foam

Milk, mayonnaise Liquid Liquid Emulsion

Paint, clays, gelatin Liquid Solid Sol

Marshmallow, Styrofoam Solid Gas Solid Foam

Butter, cheese Solid Liquid Solid Emulsion

Ruby glass Solid Solid Solid sol

Colloidal Suspension

• Fog
 The Tyndall Effect
Colloids scatter
light, making a
beam visible.
Solutions do not
scatter light.

Which glass
contains a colloid?
colloid solution
A physical property of a substance is anything that can
be observed without changing the identity of the
substance. The observations usually consist of some
type of numerical measurement, although sometimes
there is a more qualitative (non-numerical) description of
the property. Here are some of the more common ones:

melting point, electrical conductivity, color, density,

boiling point, thermal conductivity, odor, hardness,
solubility, magnetism, taste, volume, length, texture.
Groups of similar elements or compounds can be
characterized by commonality in their physical
properties. Metals have a whole bunch of physical
properties that are similar.

For example, metals are very ductile and very

malleable. All easily conduct electricity and heat and
all have a bright luster. These all reflect a commonality
of structure.
A chemical property describes the way a substance may change or react to
form other substances. If you see the word “REACTS” or “REACTIVITY
that is a chemical property. There really isn't a set of chemical properties in
the same way there is a set of physical properties. That's because the chemical
properties are tied to the change. Here are some common chemical
properties:
(1) iron rusting. When iron (an element, symbol = Fe) rusts, it combines in a complex
fashion with oxygen to form a reddish-colored compound called ferric oxide (formula =
Fe2O3). Not all substances rust.

(2) glucose, mixed with yeast, ferments to make alcohol. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a
chemical compound which enzymes in yeast can use to make ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).
Not all substances ferment.

(3) trinitrotoluene (TNT) reacts very, very fast when it is ignited. Among other
products, it makes LOTS of nitrogen gas and LOTS of heat. Inside the proper container,
it can cause an explosion. Not all substances can make an explosion.

(4) flammability (combustion)- the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of

oxygen. Some substances (wood, alcohol) are very flammable, others are not.
A physical change is any change NOT involving a change in the
substance's chemical identity. Here are some examples:

(1) any phase change. Moving between solid, liquid and gas
involves only the amount of energy in the sample (this amount is
the subject of future lessons). There is no effect on the chemical
identity of the substance. For example, water remains water, no
matter if it solid, liquid or gas.

(2) grinding something into a powder or dissolving. Or the

reverse process of making a bigger lump of stuff, say by melting
lots of small pellets of copper into one big piece.

(3) iron (and other metals) can be made to be magnetic. This

change in no way affects the chemical identity of the element. Iron
that is magnetized rusts just as easily as iron that is not
magnetized.
Physical Change Examples

• Sublimation: Solid directly to a gas

• Deposition: Gas directly to a solid

Physical Change Examples

• Breaking or tearing
Physical Change Examples

• Freezing or melting
Physical Change Examples

• Boiling or condensing
A chemical change means that the reacting substances are
changed into new substances. The actual atoms involved
remain, they are simply rearranged. The rearrangement is called
a chemical reaction. For example:

2H2O ---> 2H2 + O2

is a chemical reaction in which water is broken down into the

hydrogen and oxygen which make it up. Notice how the amounts
of hydrogen atoms (four) and oxygen atoms (two) do not change
from one side of the arrow to the other. However, the
arrangements of the atoms is different. Some chemical bonds (the
one involved in the water) have been broken and some new
chemical bonds (the one in hydrogen and oxygen) have been
formed.