HYDRODYNAMICS

HYDRODYNAMICS

Deals with the study of the

motion of fluid and of the
interactions of the fluid with
boundaries. The force developed
by this moving fluid is called the
dynamic force.
 Force against Fixed Flat Plate Held Normal to
the Jet

If the jet of water strikes a fixed flat plate held normal to its path,
the dynamic force developed is given by the formula :

𝑸𝜸
𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑭 = 𝒗 = 𝝆𝑸𝒗
𝒈
 Force against A Fixed Curved Vane

𝑸𝜸 𝑸𝜸
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒗𝟏𝒙 − 𝒗𝟐𝒙 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒗𝟏𝒚 − 𝒗𝟐𝒚
𝒈 𝒈

𝑭= 𝑭 𝑿 𝟐 + 𝑭𝒀 𝟐

Where: v1 = velocity of the jet before hitting the vane and v 2 = velocity of
the jet s it leaves the vane
 Force against a moving vane

𝑸′𝜸 𝑸′𝜸
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒗𝟏𝒙 − 𝒗𝟐𝒙 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒗𝟏𝒚 − 𝒗𝟐𝒚
𝒈 𝒈
𝑸′ = 𝑨 𝒖 𝒖 = 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗′
Where: u = relative velocity of the jet as it moves along the
vane and Q’ = amount of fluid deflected by the vane
If the vane is frictionless, such that the jet leaves
the vane with relative velocity in the direction of Ɵ:

𝑭𝒙 = 𝝆𝑨 𝒗 − 𝒗′ 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝑭𝒙 = −𝝆𝑨 𝒗 − 𝒗′ 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Where: v’ = velocity of the vane, u= relative velocity of the jet , Q’=

quantity of water deflected by the vane, v1= absolute velocity of the
jet before it strikes the vane and v 2 = absolute velocity of the jet as it
leaves the vane
 Work Done on Moving Vanes

The work done on moving vanes ( N-

m/s) moving parallel with the direction
of the jet is given by the following
formulas:
𝑸′ 𝜸
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝒖 ( 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ) 𝒗′
𝒈
 Work Done on Moving Vanes

For a single vane, the maximum work

occurs when v’ = v1/3. When v’ = v1, no
work is done since the force exerted is
then zero and this value represents a
condition of minimum power.
 Work Done on Moving Vanes

In a series of vanes so arranged that the

entire jet strikes either one vane or
another successively, the force exerted
by the jet in the direction of motion is
given by:
𝑸′𝜸
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒖 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒈
 Work Done on Moving Vanes
and the work done is
𝑸𝜸
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝒖 ( 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ) 𝒗′
𝒈
And for maximum power with a series of vanes v’ = v1/2, then

𝟏 𝑸𝜸 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝒗𝟏
𝟐 𝒈 𝟐

Notice that the expression Qγ/g is equal to the mass. Thus the
power developed is ( 1 – cos Ɵ)/2 times the kinetic energy
available in the jet.
 Force On Bends In Pressure Conduits

Dynamic Force

𝑸𝜸 𝑸𝜸
𝑭𝒙 = 𝒗𝟏𝒙 − 𝒗𝟐𝒙 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒗𝟏𝒚 − 𝒗𝟐𝒚
𝒈 𝒈
 Force On Bends In Pressure Conduits

Total Force, Rx and Ry

𝑸𝜸
෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒗𝟐𝒙 − 𝒗𝟏𝒙 = 𝑭𝟏𝒙 − 𝑹𝒙 − 𝑭𝟐𝒙
𝒈
𝑸𝜸
෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒗𝟐𝒚 − 𝒗𝟏𝒚 = 𝑭𝟏𝒚 − 𝑹𝒚 − 𝑭𝟐𝒚
𝒈
 Drag and Lift
Drag is the component of the resultant force
exerted by a fluid on a body parallel to the
relative motion of the fluid. The equation is:

𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝑫 = 𝑪𝑫 𝜸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑫 𝝆𝑨
𝟐𝒈 𝟐

Where: CD = drag coefficient, ρ = density of the fluid, γ= unit

weight of the fluid, A= projected area of the body on a plane
perpendicular (drag) the relative motion of the fluid, v= relative
velocity of the fluid with respect to the body, FD = drag force
 Drag and Lift
Lift is the component of the resultant force
exerted by a fluid on a body perpendicular to
the relative motion of the fluid. The equation
is:
𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝑳 = 𝑪𝑫 𝜸𝑨 = 𝑪𝑳 𝝆𝑨
𝟐𝒈 𝟐

Where: CL = lift coefficient, ρ = density of the fluid, γ= unit weight

of the fluid, A= projected area of the body on a plane parallel (lift)
the relative motion of the fluid, v= relative velocity of the fluid with
respect to the body, and FL = lift
 Drag and Lift Coefficients
For laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficient is
given by
𝟐𝟒
𝑪𝑫 =
𝑹𝒆

For thin flat plates not normal to the relative velocity of the fluid,
the lift coefficient as given by Kutta is

𝑪𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶

Where α is the angle of attack or the angle the plate makes with
the relative velocity of the fluid. The angle α should not exceed
250 .
 Terminal Velocity
A body falling through a fluid is being acted upon by three vertical
forces. These are:
 its weight acting downward,
 buoyant force acting upward
 the drag force acting upward.

If the body falls freely for a sufficient length of time, its velocity
increases so the drag force is increased until the total upward
force equals the weight of the body and the body has acquired a
constant velocity called terminal velocity.

For a solid falling through gas, the buoyant force is usually

negligible such that the terminal velocity is attained when the
drag force equals the weight.
HYDRODYNAMICS
EXAMPLES
1. A nozzle discharges 60 liters/s with a
velocity of 15 m/s. The nozzle is inclined
downward so that as it strikes a fixed curved
vane it is directed 30 ° down from the
horizontal. The jet is deflected upward 90°,
making an angle of 60° with the horizontal
as it leaves the vane. Determine Fx and Fy.
2. A nozzle discharges 0.060 m3/s of water
from above in to a tank at an angle of 30°
from the water surface of the tank. The jet
has a velocity of 15 m/s. Find the
components of the force exerted by the jet
on the tank if the tank is moving horizontally
to the right at5 m/s.
3. Determine the total force exerted by a
stream of liquid having a velocity vo and
discharge Q on a fixed flat plate normal to
the direction of the stream. Assume that the
jet is equally divided as it strikes the plate.