N A G P U R

C LI MAT E CULTURE MAT E R IALS

 CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION
• CLIMATE
• CULTURE AND TRADITION ANALYSIS OF NAGPUR
– GEOGRAPHICAL
– SOCIAL
– POLITICAL
– ECONOMIC/ TRADE AND COMMERCE
– ARCHITECTURE
• MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY – TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
• TECHNOLOGY IN MULTI-STORIED STRUCTURES
• BUILDING SERVICES
– SERVICE CORE
– VERTICAL TRANSPORT
– FIRE ESCAPE
– ELECTRICAL SERVICES
 THE CITY OF NAGPUR ENJOYS A VERY DRY OR SEMI-HUMID CLIMATE
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR EXCEPTING THE MONSOON MONTHS OF JUNE AND
SEPTEMBER.
C L I M A T E
 NAGPUR CAN BE BROADLY DIVIDED INTO THREE IMPORTANT SEASONS OF
SUMMER, WINTER AND MONSOON.
LOCATION : 210 N latitude and 790 E longit
SUMMER:
MAX TEMP: 470C
MIN TEMP: 270C
WINTER
MAX TEMP: 300C
MIN TEMP: 70C

THE NAGPUR CLIMATE WITNESSES

A VERY HOT WEATHER DURING THE
MONTHS OF SUMMER.

 ALMOST THROUGHOUT THE

SUMMER, THE TEMPERATURE
REMAINS BEYOND 40 DEGREE
CELSIUS. SOMETIMES IT MAY BE AS
HIGH AS 48 DEGREE CELSIUS.

IN WINTER SEASON TEMPERATURE

HOVERS AROUND 12 DEGREE
CELSIUS AND SOMETIMES EVEN
DIPS DOWN BELOW THAT LEVEL.
 MONSOON : HEAVILY CLOUDED
WINDS: SOUTH-WEST MONSOON WINDS

MONSOONS TAKE ITS CHARGE IN THE

MONTH OF JUNE. IT SHOWERS MAXIMUM
IN THE MONTHS OF JULY AND AUGUST.

 THE RAIN IN NAGPUR IS HEAVILY

DOMINATED BY THE SOUTH-WESTERLY
MONSOON WINDS.

IN THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY AND AT THE

MAY-END, THE NAGPUR CLIMATE
EXPERIENCES A LOW PRESSURE RESULTING
IN THE WIND BLOWING AT A SPEED OF 20
KM PER HOUR OR MORE. BUT, FOR THE REST
PART OF THE YEAR, THE SPEED REMAINS 5
TO 6 KM PER HOUR.
 INFLUENCE OF NAGPUR CLIMATE ON CULTURE
AND ARCHITECTURE
• COURTYARD IN THE CENTRE WITH THE BUILT FORM AROUND IT. THE
FOUNTAIN IN THE COURTYARD HELPS IN EVAPORATIVE COOLING. ACTS AS
A PRINCIPLE OF HEAT SINK.
• DURING THE AFTERNOON, ACTS AS A CHIMNEY AND REMOVES THE HOT
AIR. IN THE EVENING, THE COOL AIR MOVES FROM THE COURTYARD TO
INSIDE THE BUILDING. THUS, COVERED AND SEMI-COVERED SPACES
CREATE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AREAS.
• THE CLOTHING IS ALSO DICTATED BY CLIMATE. THE HOT AND DRY CLIMATE
MAKES ONE COMFORTABLE MOSTLY IN COTTON CLOTHES.
C U L T U R E
AN AMALGAMATION OF THE VARIOUS CULTURES PREVALENT WITHIN INDIA.

COSMOPOLITAN: LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM OTHER INDIAN STATES AS

WELL AS PEOPLE BELONGING TO THE WORLD'S MAJOR FAITHS.

THE CULTURE OF NAGPUR BOASTS OF MANY DIFFERENT RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS.

THE REGION OF NAGPUR PRESENTS A COLLECTION OF RELIGION WITHIN NAGPUR
AND SOME OF THEM ARE – HINDUISM, ISLAM, CHRISTIANITY, JAINISM AND
BUDDHISM, ETC.

MARBAT: CLEANSING OF THE CITY!

THE FOLK DANCE FORMS LIKE POVADA, LAVANI AND KOLI WITH EXCITING TUNE AND
MUSICAL MOVEMENTS ENTERTAIN THE NATIVE OF NAGPUR.

NAGPUR PLAYS HOST TO A VARIETY OF CULTURAL EVENTS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.

 LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE AND TRADITIONS
AND TRADITIONS

NAGPUR ENJOYS A COSMOPOLITAN CULTURE

FOR TWO REASONS.

HINDI AND SANSKRIT ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF

CULTURE AND TRADITION OF NAGPUR.

NAGPUR’S GEOGRAPHICAL CENTRAL AND

CULTURAL PROXIMITY TO THE NEIGHBORING
STATES OF MADHYA PRADESH AND ANDHRA
PRADESH.

THE PRESENCE OF SEVERAL CENTRAL

GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND INSTITUTES IN THE
CITY, BECAUSE OF WHICH PEOPLE FROM ALL
PARTS OF THE COUNTRY MAKE NAGPUR THEIR
HOME FOR EXTENDED PERIODS.
 MYTHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS
RAMAYANA, MAHABHARATHA, AND VARIOUS PURANAS

HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS

PREHISTORICAL PERIOD
DOLMENS AND OTHER SEPULCHRAL MONUMENTS.

HISTORICAL TIMES
FROM MAURYA DYNASTY, THE SATAVAHANAS, VAKATAKAS, KALCURIS OF
MAHISMATI, EARLY CALUKYA, RASHTRAKUTAS, LATER CHALUKYA OF KALYANI,
PARMARIS OF DHAR, YADAVAS OF DEVGIRI, GONDS, BHONSALES, PESHVAS,
BHONSALAS OF NAGPUR, BRITISH, INDEPENDENCE TO PRESENT TIME.
CULTURAL REGION - VIDHARBHA
PRESENT DAY CONTEXT:
NAGPUR: SMALL CLUSTER TO A BIG CITY

THE GOND RULERS ACCEPTED ISLAM AND THIS INITIATED

THE INFLOW OF MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN THE REGION.
THEN CAME THE BHOSLAS
LATER THE COLONIAL ERA
AND POST INDEPENDENCE TO PRESENT DAY

THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:

PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE COUNTRY SETTLED HERE
THE SOCIAL SCENE HAS ALWAYS BEEN VARIED.

EACH COMMUNITY ADDED ITS OWN SET OF RITUALS AND

ETHNICITY TO THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF NAGPUR.

LED TO ADDITION OF NUMEROUS LAYERS OF CULTURE

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT:
NAGPUR: IN THE OLDEN DAYS, ECONOMY WAS PRIMARILY AGRARIAN
COTTON WAS THE MAJOR CROP
LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MILLS WHICH IMPROVED
THE ECONOMY

THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTED THE RAILWAY LINE FACILITATING

TRADE AND TRANSPORT.
THIS EXPANDED SETTLEMENTS BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES

ECONOMY: AN ASPECT OF THE SOCIETY THAT INFLUENCES THE ARCHITECTURE

LOTS OF ENGINEERING COLLEGES AND MANAGEMENT SCHOOLS HAVE ALSO COME UP IN THE CITY.
 N A G P U R
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND AN INTERNATIONAL CARGO HUB BEING SET UP AT NAGPUR.
(MIHAN)

STUDENTS FROM ALL CORNERS COME TO NAGPUR AT STUDY.

NAGPUR IS ALSO THE MAJOR COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL CENTRE OF THE VIDHARBA
REGION OF MAHARASHTRA.

IT IS A FAIRLY LARGE CENTRE FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY AND IS TODAY
DEVELOPING AT A VERY FAST RATE.

NAGPUR IS ALSO KNOWN FOR ITS GREENERY.

ADEQUATE NATURAL RESOURCES.

INTER AND INTRA CITY CONNECTIVITY, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, IS
VERY GOOD.
• THE FACTORS THAT MAKE NAGPUR AN IDEAL INVESTMENT AND
BUSINESS DESTINATION ARE:

o AVAILABILITY OF AFFORDABLE LAND,

o AVAILABILITY OF QUALIFIED MANPOWER AT COMPETITIVE
PRICES,
o CONNECTIVITY TO THE REST OF THE COUNTRY,
o THE UPCOMING INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT,
o THE HISTORY OF CORDIAL INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS,
o THE EASILY AVAILABLE ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES LIKE
FOREST AND MINERALS AND THE FACT THAT THE CITY HAS
WONDERFUL WEATHER.
 STONE
Dry stone is a building method by which
structures are constructed from stones
without any mortar to bind them
together.
Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of
construction aggregate.
CONCRETE
STEEL
BRICK
WOOD: MAINLY USED FOR FRAMEWORK AND
ORNAMENTATION

MARBLE
MAINLY USED FOR THE BASE OF
COLUMNS AND FLOORING
OTEMPLES

CLAY TILES: USED FOR ROOFING MATERIA

IN MOST TOWERS. THEY ARE CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE.
GLASS
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE
PANEL
 EXTRUDED BORAD

BAMBOO

SLATE
 TECHNOLOGY

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

FOUNDATIONS

I) PILE FOUNDATIONS
a)Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre
stressed concrete piles

b) Driven and cast-in-place

concrete piles
GROUP PILES
II) DIAGPHRAM WALLS
Façade
LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES

Type of High-Rise Structure

1.Braced Frame
2.Rigid Frame Structure
3.In filled Frame Structure
4.Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
5.Shear wall structure
6.The trussed tube
7.Tube in tube or Hull core structure
8.Core and Outriggers system
9.Hybrid structure
 ACT Tower,
Himatsu Japan

WTC,
OSAKA , JAPAN
Rigid Frame Structure

Braced Frame
 Infilled Frame Structure

Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure

Shear wall structure The trussed tube
structure

The Sears Tower

WYNN LAS VEGAS

New Trump Tower , BANK OF CHINA,

Las Vegas HONGKONG
Core and Outriggers system
Hybrid System
S E R V I C E S
 design of the service core

CORE DESIGN

•VERTICAL CIRCULATION
•CONFIGURATION
•FUNCTION OF SERVICE CORE
•SERVICE CORE TYPES & PLACEMENT
•ELEVATOR DESIGN & CONFIGURATION
•SERVICE-CORE LAYOUT & SPACE
REQUIREMENTS
 VERTICAL CIRCULATION
•CORES = SERVICE CORES = RISERS
•CONTAINS:
–ELEVATOR SHAFTS
–ELEVATOR LOBBIES
–MAIN & ESCAPE STAIRWAYS
–RISER-DUCTS OF TOILETS
–OTHER SERVICE ROOMS

•ELEVATORS = MAIN VERTICAL

CIRCULATION SYSTEM

BENEFITS OF A PERIPHERAL CORE POSITION:

•NO FIRE-FIGHTING PRESSURIZATION DUCT IS NEEDED
•GOOD VIEW OUT
•NATURAL VENTILATION
•NATURAL SUNLIGHT
•A SAFER BUILDING IN THE EVENT OF TOTAL POWER FAILURE
•SOLAR-BUFFERS & ENERGY SAVINGS
 VER T I C A L TRANSPORT
VERTICAL TRANSPORT

• ELEVATORS
• ESCALATORS
• STAIRCASE
other means of transport-
• MOVING SIDEWALK
• SKYWALKS ( interconnecting buildings)
 ELEVATOR ENTRANC
LOAD CAR INSIDE MACHINE ROOM
SHAFT E

Perso
Kg. A B C D E K L M
ns

6 408 1100 1000 1800 1680 800 2800 3675 2700

8 544 1300 1100 1800 1780 800 2800 3675 2700

8 544 1430 1000 1900 1680 800 2900 3675 2700

10 680 1350 1300 1850 2000 800 2850 4000 2700

13 884 2000 1100 2500 1850 900 3500 3850 2700

16 1088 2000 1300 2500 2025 1000 3500 4000 2700

20 1360 2000 1550 2500 2325 1000 3500 4250 2700

PIT DEPTH= 1600 MM FOR 1 M/S AND 1.5 M/S

SPEED
OVER HEAD ROOM HEIGHT= 4800 MM FOR 1 M/S
AND 1.5 M/S SPEED
NOTE: THE ELEVATOR SHAFT DIMENSIONS ARE
FOR CENTRE OPENING AUTOMATIC DOORS
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MM.
ELEVATOR SHAFT DIMENSIONS
ARE MINIMUM FINISHED DIMENSIONS.
 LOBBY
L O BDESIGN
B Y D E S I GN
• FOR LOBBY IN FRONT OF A SINGLE LIFT

1. THE AVAILABLE MINIMUM DEPTH BETWEEN THE WALL OF THE LIFE SHAFT
DOOR AND THE OPPOSITE WALL, MEASURED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE LIFT
CAR, MUST BE AT LEAST THE SAME AS THE DEPTH OF THE LIFT CAR ITSELF.

2. THE MINIMUM AREA AVAILABLE SHOULD BE AT LEAST THE SAME AS THE

PRODUCT OF THE DEPTH OF THE LIFT CAR DEPTH AND THE WIDTH OF
SHAFT.

3. FOR A LOBBY IN FRONT OF LIFTS WITH ADJACENT DOORS THE AVAILABLE

MINIMUM DEPTH BETWEEN THE SHAFT DOOR WALL AND THE OPPOSITE
WALL, MEASURED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE LIFT CAR DEPTH, SHOULD BE
AT LEAST THE SAME AS THE DEPTH OF THE DEEPEST LIFT CAR.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ELEVATORS

1. One elevator is required for every 45,000 net usable

square feet. the ratio of the number of floors to the number
of elevators should be two to one or two and a half to one,
depending on the occupancy of the building.
the more dense the population, the more elevators needed.
2. The number of elevators in a single group should not
exceed eight and no single group should serve more than 16
levels.
3. In buildings of four to eight floors, a separate service
elevator should be considered. over nine floors, a service
elevator is virtually required.
 NORMS FOR STAIRCASE FROM DCR
1. Interior staircase shall be constructed as a self contained unit with
at least one side adjacent to an external wall and shall be
completely enclosed.
2. A staircases shall not be arranged round a lift shaft unless the
latter is entirely enclosed by a material of fire resistance rating as
that for type of construction itself.
3. Minimum width of each step of an internal staircase shall be
150cm.
4. The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 30cm. And
maximum height of riser shall be 15cm. And shall be limited to 12
per flight.
5. Handrails shall be provided with a minimum height of 90cm from
the centre if the tread.
6. The minimum unobstructed headroom in a passage under the
landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m.
E S CALAT O R S
 ANGLE OF ESCALATOR

• ESCALATORS AT DEPARTMENTAL STORES RISES AT AN ANGLE BETWEEN

30-35 DEGREE.

• ESCALATOR AT AN ANGLE OF 35 DEGREE IS ECONOMICAL BUT 30

DEGREE IS PREFERRED ON BOTH SAFETY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUND.

• AT PUBLIC BUILDINGS, ANGLE OF 27-28 DEGREE SHOULD BE PROVIDED

FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF SAFETY, FUNCTION AND DESIGN.

• LENGTH OF ESCALATOR IN PLAN-

WITH 30 DEG. ESCALATOR- 1.732X STOREY HEIGHT
WITH 35 DEG. ESCALATOR- 1.428X STOREY HEIGHT.
AAUTO
U T OWALKWAYS
WALK S
S KY WALK
 F I RE SAF ETY
AS BUILDING DESIGNERS, WE CAN’T
PREVENT PEOPLE FROM BEING CARELESS
WITH FIRE, BUT WE CAN ENSURE THAT
AT LEAST THE BUILDING WILL
CONTRIBUTE TO OCCUPANT SAFETY
 FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

1. Every high rise shall be provided with a fire escape stairway.

2. Fire escape stairway shall be directly connected with public or common areas on all
floors and shall lead to the ground.
3. Atleast one side of the stairway shall be an external wall either with large openings
or with break open glass to facilitate rescue operations during an emergency.
4. External fire escape staircase shall have a straight flight not less than 75 cm wide, with
20 cm treads and risers not more than 19 am. the no. of risers shall be limited to 16 per
flight.
5. The height of handrails shall be not less than 100 cm and not more than 120 cm.
6. The use of spiral staircase as external fire escape stairway shall be limited to buildings
with height not exceeding 10 metres.
7. A spiral fire escape stairway shall not be less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be
designed so as to give adequate headroom.
 automatic sprinklers

ASSISTS IN LIMITING THE SPREAD OF

FIRE AND SMOKE IN THE INITIAL STAGES
ITSELF.
- IN BASEMENTS USED AS CAR PARKS. IF
THE AREA EXCEEDS 500 SQ. M
- IN MULTI-STOREYED BASEMENTS USED
AS CAR PARKS, AND FOR HOUSING
ESSENTIAL
SERVICES ANCILLARY TO A PARTICULAR
OCCUPANCY
- ANY ROOM OR OTHER COMPARTMENT
OF BUILDING EXCEEDING 500 SQ. M
- DEPARTMENTAL STORES OR SHPOS THAT
EXCEED 750 SQ. M
- ALL NON- DOMESTIC FLOORS OF MIXED
OCCUPANCY CONSIDERED TO
CONSTITUTE A HAZARD
 IN NAGPUR …

BUILDINGS ABOVE 15M SHALL BE PROTECTED BY WET RISER, WET RISER CUM DOWN COMER,
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER INSTALLATION, HIGH PRESSURE WATER SPRAY OF FOAM GENERATING
SYSTEM ETC.

STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK :

A SATISFACTORY SUPPLY OF WATER FOR FIRE FIGHTING SHOULD BE AVAILABLE IN THE FORM OF
UNDER GROUND STATIC STORAGE TANK WITH CAPACITY SPECIFIED FOR EACH BUILDING WITH
ARRANGEMENTS OF REPLENISHMENT BY MAIN OR ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF SUPPLY @ 1000L/M

TO PREVENT STAGNATION OF WATER IN THE STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK, THE SUCTION TANK
OF THE DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SHALL BE FED ONLY THROUGH AN OVERFLOW
ARRANGEMENT TO MAINTAIN THE LEVEL THEREIN AT THE MINIMUM SPECIFIED CAPACITY.
TYPES OF FIRE STAIRS
 EMERGENCY STRAIGHT STAIRCASE

THE BUILDING CODES REQUIREMENTS

REGARDING FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS. THE FIRE OR
EMERGENCY STAIRS ARE BUILT WITH
MATERIALS WHICH ARE ADAPTABLE TO BOTH
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR FACILITIES.
HALF-TURNFIRE-ESCAPE
THE LOWER FLIGHT HAS TWO PROLONGED STRINGER SIDES WHICH
PROJECT OVER THE ROTATION POINT. THE COUNTERWEIGHT IS PUT
INSIDE THESE STRINGERS. THANKS TO THE COUNTERWEIGHTS, THE
FLIGHT IS IN EQUILIBRIUM AT ITS ROTATION POINT...
SPIRAL FIRE-ESCAPE IN METAL CRESCENT STAIRS
SLIDING ATTIC STAIRCASE

THE SLIDING LADDER IS COUNTERBALANCED BY

COUNTERWEIGHTS IN A POST PARALLEL TO THE LADDER
UPRIGHT.

ON RELEASE, THE LADDER DESCENDS SOFTLY.

REMOUNTING THE LADDER AFTERWARDS REQUIRES A
VERY LIMITED FORCE

(1) FROM ABOVE (EVACUATION / BURGLAR PROOF

INSTALLATION)
(2) FROM BELOW (ACCESS)
(3) FROM THE SIDE WITH 3/4 SAFETY CAGE
(EVACUATION OR ACCESS ON MULTIPLE LEVELS).
(4) THESLIDING LADDER CAN BE COMBINED WITH A
SAFETY CAGE ON THE TOP PART OF THE LADDER.
(5) THE MAXIMUM CLEARANCE HEIGHT IS 3 M.
RETRACTABLE LADDERS

THE UNOBSTRUCTIVE, RELIABLE, BURGLAR PROOF SOLUTION FOR EVACUATION AND

ACCESS

UNOBSTRUCTIVE, LOOKS LIKE A DRAINAGE PIPE

DEPLOYS INSTANTLY FROM ANY NUMBER OF EVACUATION LEVELS
BURGLAR PROOF
DEPENDABLE NAD RELIABLE
OPTIONAL FIXED LINE FOR SECURE ACCESS
COUNTER BALANCED LOWER SLIDING LADDERS

THE SLIDING LADDER IS COUNTER BALANCED BY

COUNTER WEIGHTS IN A POST PARALLEL TO THE
LADDER UPRIGHT

THE SLIDING LADDER CAN BE COMBINED WITH A

SAFETY CAGE ON THE TOP PART OF THE LADDER.
THE MAXIMUM CLEARANCE HEIGHT IS 3 M.
 electrical services
1.The electric distribution cables / wiring shall be laid in separate
duct. The duct shall be sealed at every alternative floor with non-
combustible materials having the same fire resistance as that of the
duct.

2.Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipes or any

other service line shall not be laid in the duct for electric cables.

3. The inspection panel doors and any other opening in the shaft
shall be provided with air tight fire doors having the fire resistance
of not less than two hours.

4. An independent and well ventilated service room shall be

provided on the ground floor with direct access from outside or
from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electric supply
cable. The doors provided for the service room shall have fire
resistance of not less than two hours
 transformer

• If the transformer is housed in the building below the ground

level, it shall be necessarily in the first basement in separate
fire resisting room of four hours rating. The room should be at
the periphery of the basement , with steel door entrance. It
should not be on upper floors.
 AIR CONDITIONING

Escape routes like staircases, common corridors, lift

lobbies should not be used as return air passages.
Air ducts serving main floor areas, corridors shall
not pass through the staircase enclosure
 SERVICE DUCTS
• Service ducts and shafts for electrical conduits, cables etc. shall
be enclosed by walls having a fire resistance of not less than
two hours. Doors for inspection or access shall also have fire
resistance of not less than two hours. All such ducts /shafts
shall be properly sealed and fire stopped at all floors levels.

• Refuse if the cross sectional area exceeds 1 sq.m it shall be

sealed where it passes a floor by carrying the duct through the
floor. The floor within the duct shall be pierced for any service
pipe or ventilation trunk and shall fit as closely as possible
around any such pipe or trunk.

• A permanent vent shall be provided at the top of the service

shaft of cross sectional area not less than 460 sq.cm or 6.25
sq.cm for each 900 sq.cm of the area of the shaft, whichever is
more.
 REFUSE CHUTES AND REFUSE CHAMBERS

Hoppers to refuse chutes shall be situated in well ventilated positions and

the chutes shall be continued upwards with an outlet above roof level
and with an enclosure wall of non-combustible material with fire
resistance not less than two hours. The hoppers shall not be located
within the staircase enclosure.

Inspection panel and hopper (charging station) opening shall be fitted

with tight fitting metal doors, covers having a fire resistance of not less
than one hour.

Refuse chutes shall not be provided in staircase walls, air-conditioning

shafts etc.

Refuse-chambers shall have walls and floors or roofs constructed of non-

combustible and impervious material and shall have a fire resistance of
not less than two hours. They shall be located at a safe distance from exit
routes
MAITREYI TUSHAR MRUNALI ARVIND KASTURI NAINA

T H A N K Y O U