VERB TENSES

PERFECT TENSES - PROGRESSIVE TENSES

 What’s so perfect about perfect tense?
It’s a Latin word ‘per factus’ >> completely done
THE PERFECT TENSES
consist of some forms of the helping verb have followed by a verb in the
past participle form.
The present perfect uses the present tense (has or have).
The past perfect uses the perfect tense (had).
The future perfect uses the future-tense (will have).
functions
 The present perfect is used for past-time actions or events
whose action or consequences continue up to the present
moment of time.
 The past perfect is for past-time actions or events that were
finished before some more recent time or event.
 The future perfect is for future time actions or events that will
be finished before some later time or event.
PRESENT PERFECT
 The present perfect is formed by the present tense of have (has or
have) followed by verb in the past participle form.
I have known him all my life.
The faucet has been leaking for weeks.
Thanks, but I have already had my dinner.

 To understand the meaning of present perfect, we must contrast it with the

meaning of the simple past tense.
A. I lived in Australia for years.
B. I have lived in Australia for five years.
what’s your conclusion?
In general, the past tense emphasizes that the actions or events
described through the use of past tense are over with; they don’t
really impact the present. The present perfect is just the opposite. It
emphasizes the ongoing connection between the past and the
present.

Here are some more examples of the present perfect for events that
have spanned an unbroken period of time up to the present
moment.

She has studied Nursing since she came to Yogyakarta.

They have shown that same cartoon for the last 3 weeks.
As long as I can remember, I have always hated broccoli.
A less obvious use of the present perfect is for single events, even
unique ones, that continue to directly impact the present.
Compare the use of past tense and the present perfect in the following
sentence:
Last year John had an accident that
has totally changed his life.
The accident was a one-time only event in the past. The accident is over
and done with, so it was reported in the past tense. However, the
consequences of the accident are not tied to that past moment of time;
the consequences have continued on to the present. Therefore, the
present perfect is appropriate to describe the ongoing nature of the
consequences.
 exercise
Select either THE PAST TENSE or THE PRESENT PERFECT form in
the following sentences.
1) Mr. Brown left/ has left last week for a business trip.
2) Sam lost/has lost his car and can’t get home.
3) The choir sang/has sung that song a hundred times.
4) The garage had/has had my car for a week now, and still isn’t fixed.
5) We moved/have moved there 10 years ago.
6) We lived/have lived there ever since.
7) I studied/have studied to Duke Univ. a few years ago
 PAST PERFECT
 What’s the form of past perfect?
 The past perfect is used to emphasize that a past-time action or
event was completed prior to some more recent (but still past)
action or event.

They had already graduated before they got married.

They had had a big fight before they broke up.

 In all the examples that we have looked so far, the verb in the past perfect form has
proceeded the verb in the past tense form. This sequence seems perfectly logical
since the past perfect event has to occur before the second past-tense event
occurs.
 Logically it may be, but that is not the way English works. In fact
the two events can be presented in either order.

He had taken out a life insurance police before he died.

Before he died, he had taken out a life insurance policy.

 The fact that we cannot count on the past perfect event being
presented before the more recent past time event makes using
the past perfect a great deal of more difficult.
exercises
The verbs in italics are all in the base form. The verbs are used to
describe 2 past events, one which precedes the other. Change the verb
whose action takes place first into the past perfect form. Change the
verb whose action takes place later into the past-tense form. Remember
that the 2 events can occur in either order in the sentence.
 The audience take their seats before the curtain go up.
 The audience had taken their seats before the curtain went up.
1) Apparently the driver suffer a heart attack before the automobile
accident happen.
2) After the play receive a bad review, the playwright decide to take
some revisions.
3) I make plans before they call with their invitation.
4) Watson write up each case after Sherlock Holmes solve the crime.
5) After the snow stop, we immediately shovel off the driveway.
6) Shakespeare write his first play before he ever go to London
7) After I read the report, I begin to understand what the problems
were.
FUTURE PERFECT
 What’s the form?
 The action or events described by the future perfect tense must
be completed prior to some other future time or event.
 The future time can be expressed as an adverb of time.
I will have finished everything by noon.
By noon, we will have already finished.
 The future time can also be expressed in another clause, which can be
in the present tense or present perfect.
By the time you get this message, I will have left.
By the time you have gotten this message, I will have left.

 The two clauses can occur in either order:

He will have packed all the boxes before she has printed all the labels.
Before she has printed all the labels, he will have packed all the boxes.
exercise
Replace one of the italicized base form verbs with the future perfect.
Replace the other italicized base-form verb with either the present or
present perfect, as appropriate.
 The train leave by the time we get to the station.
 The train will have left the station by the time we have gotten there.
1) The cement harden before we get it all poured.
2) Hopefully, the snow plows clear the roads before we leave the
freeway.
3) We starve to death before the waiter bring us our order.
 Jane walk back home before the bus arrive.
 The audience forget the details by the time the speaker finish.
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
 The progressive tenses are all formed by the helping verb be in some form immediately
followed by a verb in the present participle form.
 The present progressive uses a present tense form of be, the past progressive uses a
past-tense form of be, while the future progressive uses the future tense of be.
 The progressive tenses are all used to describe an action in progress at some present,
past or future moment of time.
 The key to using the progressive tense is that they are always tied to some action that
takes place at a specific point or moment in time.
 Thus, the progressive tenses can never be used to make broad timeless generalizations.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
 How is the form?
 The most common use of the present progressive is to talk about
what is happening at the present time.
 For example if someone were to go the window and say, “It’s
raining,” we know without being told that the speaker is talking
about what is happening right now.
Can you make other example?
 The progressive is not limited to just the present moment. It
often refers to action that goes beyond just the present moment.
We are living in Yogyakarta now.
She’s working in Bethesda hospital.
 The present progressive often conveys a sense of temporariness. For
example, compare the following pair of sentences:
They fly first-class.
They are flying first-class.
 In the first sentence, the use of present tense shows that it is normal
custom to fly first-class. It doesn’t mean that they are flying first class
at the moment.
 The use of present progressive in the second sentence means that
they are flying first-class on the particular flight we are talking about
at the moment. We don’t know whether they regularly fly first class
or not.
 Not all verbs can be used in the present progressive (or any other
progressive tense, for that matter).
 There is a group of verbs called stative verbs.

 Quite often we think of a verb as word used to express action.

However this is not rules of stative verbs. Stative verbs do not
express action. Stative verbs describe an ongoing condition.
Look at these sentences.
John drives a car.
John owns a car.
The practical difference between action and stative verbs is that we
can use action verbs in all the progressive tense, but we cannot use
stative verbs in any of the progressive tenses.
John is driving a car.
John is owning a car.
Stative verbs tend to fall into distinct categories based on
meaning

 EMOTIONS: appreciate, desire, dislike, doubt, feel, hate, like, love,

need, prefer, want, wish
 MEASUREMENT: consist of, contain, cost, entail, equal, have,
measure, weigh
 COGNITION: believe, doubt, know, mean, think, understand

 APPEARANCE: appear, be, look, resemble, seem, sound

 SENSE PERCEPTION: feel, hear, see, seem, smell, taste

 OWNERSHIP: belong, have, own, posses

exercise
Examine each verb in italics in the following sentences. If the verb is not a
stative verb, rewrite the verb as a present progressive. If the verb is a stative
verb, rewrite the verb in the present tense.
1) The plane encounter some resistance.
2) The security guard unlock the door.
3) The boss doubt that we can finish the project on time.
4) My friend be park his car.
5) The entire project cost more than a million dollar.
6) You deserve the new promotion.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
 It consists of the past tense of the verb be (was or were),
followed by a verb in the present participle form. The past
progressive is always tied up to the past time. It can be a specific
moment or period in time.
By 9 a.m., I was working at my desk.
At noon we were fixing lunch.
During the afternoon, we were having drinks on the terrace.
 The past time can be defined by some other event as expressed in a
past-tense subordinate clause.
For example:
We were watching TV when the lights went out.
When you called, we were working in the garden.
They were driving to Richland when they had the accident.
 The past progressive can also be used for a past-time action or
event that spans a defined period of past time.

For example:

All last week, my boss was meeting with the sales reps.
From noon on, I was raking leaves in the backyard.
All the time he was talking, I was looking at my watch.
exercise
Examine each verb in italics in the following sentences.
Rewrite the verb as a past progressive.
1) The chef bake the pie when the guests came.
2) As she walk down the street yesterday, she noticed the stray dog.
3) All last month, the teacher grade tests.
4) At the time of the hurricane, they live on the west side of the
city.
5) The police control the rioters when the convention began.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
 The future progressive consists of the future tense of the verb be
(will be) followed by a verb in the present participle form.

 The future time can be a specific moment or period in time.

At noon, I will be flying to Houston.

Next week, the kids will be staying with their grandparents.
During the school year, she will be living in a dorm.
 Or the future time can be defined as taking place during some
future-time event that is expressed in a present-tense subordinate
clause.
When you are in California, I will be working on my thesis.
He will be arranging more interviews when you enter the data.
I will be working from home when they repaint my office.
Thank you...