IP CONCEPTS

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 Introduction
Network: Interconnection of two or more
devices for sharing of resources

Different applications/services between

computers: e-mail, File Transfer, Remote
Login, Web Surfing, Network
Management, chatting, playing games
etc.

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 Introduction
To achieve inter working between
computers & other devices like servers,
routers etc the computer is made to work
in a hierarchical manner ie it is to work as
a layered model. Each layer doing certain
functionalities & offering services to its
upper layer.

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 Introduction
So we require a stack of protocol called
Protocol Suite to effect communication
between computers in a network.
Different protocol suites are available
like:
(a) AppleTalk (d) TCP/IP
(b) OSI (e) DECnet
(c) IPX/SPX (f) XNS
 TCP/IP and OSI

OSI is made of seven layers.

TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers.
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION APPLICATION

SESSION
TCP/IP Model
OSI Model TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
NETWORK NETWORK
DATA LINK DATA LINK
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL

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 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

FTP TFTP
A SMTP NFS
TELNET SNMP
HTTP DNS
T TCP UDP

N ICMP IGMP IP ARP RARP

D Ethernet, Token Ring, HDLC, FR, PPP, ATM
Protocols defined by the underlying networks

P
 Data Encapsulation

Adding of header to data received from

higher layer is called data encapsulation.
Application Data

TPT Layer TCP Header Data

TCP Segment
UDP Header Data

UDP Message

Internet IP Header TCP-UDP Data

Layer
IP Datagram

Data Link Frame Head IP Header TCP-UDP Data Trailer

Frame

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 APPLICATION LAYER
Application Layer provides network services
directly to applications .
Examples of application layer protocols
SMTP
FTP
HTTP
TELNET
 Transport layer
This layer is responsible for encapsulating
application data blocks into data units called
datagrams or segments.
Process to process
The main purpose of this layer is making sure
that the data is delivered error-free and in the
correct sequence.
It establishes, maintains and terminates virtual
circuits.
 Transport layer protocols
Transmission control protocol :
TCP provides a reliable connection
oriented service.
It uses sequence nos. and
acknowledge nos.
Error correction and error detection
available.
Dropping of duplicated packets.
 Port numbers of TCP and UDP
Port numbers are 0- 65535 (2^16)
Well known ports 0-1023
Ex: HTTP-80,FTP-20 & 21 SMTP-25 Telnet-23
DNS-53 SNMP -161, TFTP-69
Register ports. 1024 – 49151(These are
assigned by IANA for propritary applications
such as Microsoft SQL server, Oracle
Dynamically assigned ports 49152 – 65535 .
These are dynamically assigned by O/S to use
for a session.
 TCP Header

Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT

SEQUENCE NUMBER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER

UAP RS F
HELEN RCSSYI WINDOW SIZE( buffer size)
GKHT NN

CHECKSUM URGENT POINTER(sequence

no. of urgent data)

OPTIONS AND PADDING

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 Transport layer protocols
User datagram protocol(UDP)
It is unreliable
It is connectionless
Sequence nos. and Acknowledge nos. Not
used
UDP is simpler.
It is used in real time applications.
(Audio/Video)
 UDP Header

Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SOURCE PORT DESTINATION PORT
MESSAGE LENGTH CHECKSUM

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 Internet layer
Internet layer is responsible for source to
destination delivery of a packet across
different networks.
Internet layer is not reliable transmission
Logical addressing (IP address)
Examples of Network layer Routed
protocols are:
IP
IPX (internetwork packet exchange)
AppleTalk
Internet layer
 IP Header
Octet +0 Octet +1 Octet +2 Octet +3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VER(4 HLEN TOS(QOS) TOTAL LENGTH(16)
)
IDENTIFICATION(Sequential DM FRAGMENT OFFSET
no.) FF

TIME TO PROTOCOL HEADER CHECKSUM

LIVE(8)

SOURCE ADDRESS OF HOST

DESTINATION ADDRESS OF HOST

OPTIONS(testing & debugging)

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 Internet Control Message
Protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol is a
mechanism used by hosts and routers to send
notification of datagram problems back to the
sender.
Sends error messages only to the source and
not to intermediate routers.
Sole function is to report problems, not to
correct them.
ICMP (Ping- Packet Internet Gropher) uses
echo/reply to test whether a destination is
reachable and responding
 ICMP Type Codes

Type
Field ICMP Message Type
0 Echo reply
3 Destination unreachable
4 Source quench (due to congestion)
5 Redirect (change route)
8 Echo request
11 Time exceeded for a datagram(ttl 0)
12 Parameter problem on a datagram
(header problem)
13 Timestamp request (to sync clocks)
14 Timestamp response
17 Address mask request(to know the subnet
mask)
18 Address mask response
 IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol is a
communication protocol to manage the
multicast groups.
One source – many destinations
It is a protocol that manages group
membership.
IGMP help multicast router create and
update a list of members.
 DATA LINK LAYER

Framing
Physical addressing
Flow Control
Error Control
Datalink layer
 PHYSICAL LAYER
Physical Characteristics and Type Of
Transmission Media
Representation Of Bits
Data Rate
Synchronization
Physical Topology