Shunt FACTS Devices In Long

Transmission Lines

DR. SABITA CHAINE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
College of Engineering and Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
 Introduction:
We know FACTS means flexible AC transmission system. It uses high
current power current electronics devices to control the voltage, power
flow and stability of transmission system. FACTS devices are very
effective and capable of increasing the power transfer capability of a line
while maintaining the same degree of stability if properly located.
Considering a simplified line model, It is seen that the steady state power
transfer capability of a transmission line can be doubled by locating the
FACTS device at the centre .This topic investigates the effects of
considering actual line model on the power transfer capability and
stability when a shunt FACTS device is connected to the line.
 TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL:
• It is considered that the transmission line parameters are uniformly
distributed and the line can be modeled by a two-port, four-terminal
network as shown in Fig 1.
 TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL CONTD..
• This represents the actual model of the line. The relationship between
the sending end (SE) and receiving end (RE) quantities of the line
can be written as
 TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL CONTD..
• The ABCD constants of a line of length l, having a series impedance
of z ohm/km and shunt admittance of y S/km are given by
 TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL CONTD..
• For the simplified model of the line, the resistance and capacitance are
neglected. For such a model, the ABCD constants of the line become

• In this study a 345 kV single circuit transmission line of length 450

kM is considered the series impedance and shunt admittance of the
liner found to be Z=(0.02986 +j 0.2849)Ω/kM and y=j 3.989x106
s/kM respectively at 50 Hz. The results of the line are presented in per
unit on a 100MVA, 345kV base.
Transmission line with a shunt FACTS device:

• Consider that the line is transferring power from a large generating

station to an infinite bus and equipped with a shunt FACTS device at
point (or bus) nz as shown in Fig. A parameter IC is used to show the
fraction of line length at which the FACTS device is placed. The shunt
Transmission line with a shunt FACTS device:

• FACTS device may be a

SVC or STATCOM and is
usually connected to the
line through a stcpdown
transformer as shown in
Figs.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY:
• The power transfer through the line, for given values of SE and RE
voltage magnitudes, can be written as

P=Pm sinδ-------------------------------------9

• Here the maximum power Pm is VsVR/X and it occurs at an angle

δm= 900
• When a shunt FACTS device is connected to the line, both Pm and δm
are increased and their values depend on the k factor. For k = 0.5 and
Vs = Vr = Vm both Pm and δm become double or increase to 2VsVR/X
and 1800, respectively . When k exceeds 0.5, both Pm and δm decrease
after reaching the maximum value.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY CONTD..

• One of the objectives of this paper is to find the maximum power and
the corresponding location of the shunt FACTS device when the
actual line model is considered.

• A sophisticated computer program has been developed to determine

the various characteristics of the system shown using both simplified
model and actual model of the line sections. The constraint of the
same receiving end power of section 1 and sending end power of
section 2(PR1=Ps2) is incorporated to the program. In all cases
Vs=Vr=Vm=1.0 p.u. is used unless it is specified.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY CONTD..
• Fig 5 &6 show the variation of Pmand δm respectively, against k.
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CAPABILITY CONTD..

• This unexpected pattern of power and angle curves is further

investigated through the power-angle characteristics of the line.
 Power-angle characteristics and stability:
• The power-angle characteristics of the system of Fig. 2 arc shown in
Figs. 7 and 8 for the simplified and actual model of line, respectively.
The characteristics are plotted for various values of k (0-0.5). Note
that for k = 0, the shunt device is located at the SE of the line where
the voltage magnitude is considered to be constant.

• In this case, the shunt device has no effect on the line characteristics
and the line can be considered as totally uncompensated
Power-angle characteristics and stability CONTD..
 OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SHUNT FACTS DEVICES:
• Fig. 9 shows the P-δ curve of the half-length (l/2) of the line using
the actual line model. Both SE and RE powers are shown in the
Figure. It can be noticed in Fig. 9 that when the angle δ increases
from zero, both the SE and RE powers are increased.
 OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SHUNT FACTS DEVICES CONTD..

• shows the variation of the maximum RE power of section 1 (Pmr1 )

and the Maximum SE power of section 2 (Pms2 against the valuc of k.
It can be seen in Fig. 10 that the maximum power curves cross at k =
0.447 and the crossing point is the transition point. Thus to get the
highest benefit in terms of the power transfer capability and stability,
the shunt FACTS device must be placed at k = 0.447 which is slightly
off-centre.
OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SHUNT FACTS DEVICES CONTD..:
OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SHUNT FACTS DEVICES CONTD..
 OPTIMAL LOCATION OF SHUNT FACTS DEVICES:

• Fig. 11 shows the variation of the optimal off-centre location of the

shunt FACTS device against the R/X ratio of the line for various
values of Vm It can be observed in Fig. 11 that the optimal off-
centre location increases linearly as the value of R/X ratio of the line
is increased. The slope of the line is about 0.5% for Vm= l.0p.u.
 CONCLUSION

It has been found that the shunt FACTS device may need
to be placed slightly of center to get the highest possible
benefit when the power flows in a particular direction.
The optimal location from the center point depends on
the line resistance and it increases almost linearly as the
R/X ratio of the line is increased . The result found from
this study would be very useful in selecting the best
location for various shunt FACTS devices to get the
highest possible benefit.
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