Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5-4
Implications of Personality at Work
Ability
Effort Performance
Skill
5-6
Positive and Negative Emotions
Positive
Anger Happiness Emotions
Fright/
/Joy (goal
anxiety
congruent)
Guilt/ Pride
shame
Love/
Sadness affection
Envy/
jealousy
Relief
Negative Emotions Disgust
(goal incongruent) 5-7
SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND
ATTRIBUTES
Perception
The process of
interpreting one’s
environment
Social perception
involves observing and
interpreting
information about
others to be able to
understand them and
prepare our responses
to them.
7-9
Perception: An Information Processing Model
A
Competing B
environmental C
stimuli Interpretation A
Judgments
D and C Memory C and
People categorization
Events E F
decisions
Objects F
Stereotypes
Stereotype is an
individual’s set of
beliefs
about the
characteristics of a
group of people
What are some
commonly held
stereotypes?
7-11
Stereotyping: A Mental Shortcut
1) Begins by categorizing people into groups
2) Infer that all people in a category possess
similar traits or characteristics
3) Form expectations of others and interpret their
behavior according to stereotypes
4) Stereotypes are maintained by
1) Overestimating the frequency of stereotypic
behaviors exhibited by others
2) Incorrectly explaining expected and unexpected
behaviors
3) Differentiating minority individuals from oneself
7-12
Characteristics of Stereotypes
• Their nature is not always
negative
Women are nurturing
Asians are smart
• Based on generalizations
(often inaccurate)
Older workers are more
accident prone
Disabled workers cost a lot
of money to accommodate
Women are more emotional
• Can lead to poor decisions
and discrimination 7-13
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Pygmalion Effect
Someone’s high expectations for
another person result in high
performance
Galatea Effect
An individual’s high self-
expectations lead to high
performance
Golem Effect
Loss in performance due to low
leader expectations
7-14
A Model of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Supervisor
5 expectancy 1
Performance Leadership
4 2
Subordinate
Motivation 3 self-
expectancy
7-15
Causes of Behavior
Internal factors –
Personal characteristics
that cause behavior
(e.g., ability, effort)
External factors –
Environmental
characteristics that
cause behavior (e.g.,
task difficulty,
good/bad luck)
7-16
Kelley’s Attribution Model
Consensus – Involves the comparison of an
individual’s behavior with that of his or her peers
Low High
A B C D E A B C D E
7-17
People People
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a
person’s behavior on one task with his or her
behavior on other tasks.
Low High
A B C D E A B C D E 7-18
Tasks Tasks
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Consistency is determined by judging if the
individual’s performance on a given task is
consistent over time.
Low High
High distinctiveness
Low consistency
Internal Attribution
Low consensus
Low distinctiveness
High consistency
7-20
Attributional Tendencies
Fundamental Self-Serving Bias
Attribution Bias taking more personal
ignoring environmental responsibility for success
factors that affect than failure
behavior My success is because of
Your performance is my effort/ability
caused by you My poor performance is
caused by something
else (difficulty; bad luck)
7-21