Cimentaciones especiales

Dr Jorge A. Prieto-S, MSc, PhD, PEng

1
LECTURE 1
Course summary and Introduction

EAFIT, 2016

Foundations design 2016

 Jorge Alonso Prieto S.
2

 Civil Engineer, Cauca University

 MSc Hydro power plants, Javeriana University
 MSc Soil Mechanics and Engineering Seismology,
Imperial College of Science, London, UK
 Ph.D. Imperial College of Science, London, UK
 15 years experience in geotechnical practice
 Registered Professional Engineer in British Columbia,
Canada
 jprieto7@eafit.edu.co

Foundations Design, EAFIT

3

Resumen
4 Foundation types, Deep
Functions

Shaft

Tips
5 Functions

 Transfer loads to deep strata where, as a whole, the

strength provided by the soils are higher and the
deformations lower than at shallow depths.

 Specially useful for dealing with dynamic load effects,

e.g. in potentially liquefiable soils, offshore systems,
wind loads.
 6 Piles types
- Material Type

Note: - There are also concrete pipes

- Pipes (steel, concrete) can be also close or open ended
 7 Piles types
Sectional area:

- Circular
- Square
-H
- Octagonal
- Tubular
 8 Piles types
SIZE:

- Pile diameter < 150 to 200 mm: Micropiles

- 200 mm < Pile diameter < 600 mm: Small size piles

- Pile diameter > 600 mm: Large size piles

 9 Piles types
Based on inclination:

- Vertical piles

- Inclined/ Raker Piles

 10 Piles types
Load transfer mechanism:
- End (tip bearing)
- Side friction on the shaft (up or down)
In reality piles have both ways of transmitting loads
11 Piles types

In general, but not strictly because evolution and

combination of techniques, following the
construction method:

A. Displacement (of ground)

B. Non-displacement (Replacement, bored, piles)

12 Piles types

Displacement

Totally preformed or Driven cast-in-place

13 Some equipment

Hydraulic hammer
14 Piles types
Non-Displacement (soil replacement, partially or totally)

Continue flight auger, CFA

Use of an auger drill
15 Some equipment

Auger rig, spinnig off the spoil

 16 Piles types
 Displacement
Usually driven into the ground
Totally pre-formed displacement piles
Pre-cast reinforced concrete piles (pre-stressed)
Jointed piles (no pre-stressed), short sections
Hollow tubular-section concrete piles (cylinder piles):
Small displace.
Pre-formed steel piles (H, I, screw, some tubular sections):
Small displacement
Timber piles (usually up to 12 m and modest loads)
 17 Piles types
 Replacement Piles
Excavated using rotary boring or percussion boring
methods

- Bored cast in place

- Grouted intruded, Continuous Flight Auger, CFA
- Concrete intruded, Continuous Flight Auger, CFA
 18 Piles types
 A building method effect on design:

Coefficient of earth pressures at rest, Ko= σ´h/σ´v

In displacement, driven piles: Horizontal stresses tend to

increase, so the design K is larger than Ko (usually).

On the other hand, Pre-excavated piles: Horizontal stresses

tend to decrease, so the design K is less than Ko (usually).

There are some variations, depending on equipment used,

but this is the general case.
 19 Piles types
 Displacement, Advantages and disadvantages
 20 Piles types
 Replacement, Advantages and disadvantages
 21 Piles types
Load transfer mechanism:
- End (tip bearing)
- Side friction on the shaft (up or down)
In reality piles have both components of transmitting loads

W
 22 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles
Whole pile From equilibrium at the moment of failure

Qu + W = Qb + Qs (1)

Where

W = weight of pile

Qb = Base resistance force

Qs = Shaft resistance force

Qu = ultimate capacity
 23 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay

Qb = Ab*[Su(base)*Nc + γ*L ] (2)

Where

Ab = Area of the base of the pile

Su (base) = Undrained soil strength at the base

of the pile!

Nc = undrained bearing capacity factor corrected

for depth and shape (= 9)
γ = soil bulk unit weight
 24 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay

Therefore

Qu = Ab*[Su(base)*Nc + γ*L ] + As*τs – W

It is usually assumed that Ab*γ*L=W, so

Qu= Ab*Su*Nc + As* τs

 25 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay

Qs = As*τs (3)

Where

As = surface area of the shaft

τs = Average shaft friction over the length

of the shaft
 26 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay

τs = α * Su(shaft) (5)

Where

Su(shaft) = average undrained strength over the length

of the pile

α = an adhesion coefficient (empirical value, no

constant highly variable, depends also of method of
installation, driven vs bored, stiffness of clay).

Su(shaft) depends on many factors like, stress path,

orientation, size of sample, rate, sample disturbance,
 27 Piles types
Ultimate capacity single piles in clay

Bearing in mind the comments provided α has been

found to vary from between 1.5 for soft sensitive clays
to as low as 0.2 for very stiff clays. Graphs given
relations between the undrained resistance, Su, and the
adhesion factor for both driven and bored piles are
available. Even for the same site, α can vary for
example between 0.45 to 1.0 for soft clays, and
between 0.25 to 0.45 for stiff clay.

As an example, Bored piles on London clay, where Su

used was based on triaxial tests on 38 mm diameter
sample, have been found having α parameters between
0.3 to 0.6 with a mean of 0.45.
 28 Piles types
Factors of Safety
 29 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses

There are several reasons to assume

that fully drained conditions may have
present when piles are developing their
ultimate capacity (loading take place
slow, soils of high permeability like
cohesionless, sands, etc).
 30 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses
The shaft friction at failure, at a specific depth, in
term of effective stresses is given by

τs = ks*σ’v*tan δ’ + cs’ (6)

Where

ks =earth pressure coefficient for the shaft

σ’v = effective vertical stress
δ’= effective angle of interface friction
cs’= effective interface cohesion

Note: For the whole pile use τs, the average shaft
friction along the pile, instead of τs, the shaft
friction at a given depth.
 31 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses

Common assumption : cs’= effective interface

cohesion for a remoulded soil (after piling
operation the interface is going to be remoulded)
is zero (0).

τs = ks*σ’v*tan δ’ (7)

In soft clays, δ’ = φ’d , the remoulded drained

angle of friction (failure occurs in the remoulded
clay not in the interface pile-clay)

τs = ks*σ’v*tan φ’d (8)

 32 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses

ks can be lower or higher than the coefficient of earth

pressure at rest, ko.

For driven piles, ks>ko, while for bored piles ks<ko.

Ko=(1-sin φ’d) for normally consolidated clays
Equation (8) can be re-written

τs /σ’v = ks*tan φ’d = β (9)

Burland suggests that β does not change significantly

for soft normally consolidated clays and can be taken
as 0.3
So
τs = 0.3* σ’v (10) for soft
normally consolidated clays when using driven piles
 33 Piles types
Shaft friction in terms of effective stresses

For lightly overconsolidated clays

τs = 0.3* σ’v (R)^0.5 (11)

Where R is the overconsolidation ratio

 34 Piles types
In general for cohesionless soils

Qb/Ab = Nq* σ’v (12)

Where
Nq= is usually related to the friction angle, φ’
(From graphics, tables, geotechnical manual)
35 Piles types
In general for cohesionless soils

Qs/As = Ks* σ ’v*tan δ’ (13)

Where
δ’= friction angle at the interface (0.75 to 1 the friction angle
of the soil, φ’)

Alternatively,

δ’= φ’cv, the friction angle of the soil, at constant volume, (no
dilation), between the peak angle and the residual angle of the
soil (usually 2 to 3 degrees below the peak friction angle of the
soil).
 36 Piles types

ks (an equivalent ratio between vertical and horizontal

stresses, which depends on the earth coefficient at rest, ko) can
be taken as:
- Conventional bored piles ks=0.7
- Continuous flight auger, ks=0.9 for sandy soils, and ks=0.6 for silts
and silty sands
- For driven cast in place piles ks=1.2 or more.
37 Piles design

 A note for layered soils

Qs = ΣQsi (14)

 Where
 Qs is the total shaft resistance
 Qsi is the shaft resistance corresponding to the soil
layer i along the pile.

 The sum is done along all the soil layers

 38 Pile settlement
Settlements

Initial (elastic) settlements and time dependent (consolidation) settlements

For a single pile

Initial, elastic, settlement =

Uniaxial structural deformation + soil settlement due to load applied at the tip +
soil settlement due to load acting along the pile shaft
39 Pile settlement
Settlements:

ρ = (Qdb+α*Qds)*L/(AE) + kb*Qdb/(Qb*D) + ks*Qds/(Qb*Le) (1)

Where

Qdb = Design load supplied by the Tip (ultimate capacity provided by the tip/FS)
FS= Factor of Safety used
α = Coefficient related to the shaft friction (usually between 0.5 and 0.7)
Qds = Design load supplied by the shaft (ultimate shaft capacity/FS)
L = Pile length
Le = Length of pile embedded in the ground, it can be shorter than total pile length
A = cross sectional area of the pile
E= modulus of elasticity of the pile
Kb = Empirical coefficient (see table)
Qb = ultimate capacity provided by the tip
D = Pile diameter or pile width
Ks = Coefficient = [0.93+0.16*(Le/D)^0.5]*kb
40 Pile settlement

Values of the kb coefficient

41 Pile settlement

Note:

Time dependent settlements are significant for piles with enlarged bases,
Group of piles among others.

Those settlements have to be evaluated using theory of Consolidation

Numerical methods can be used always for analysis of both capacities and
Settlements in single piles or group of piles.
42 Pile groups
 43 Pile groups
Some definitions are important in pile groups:

The spacing factor: The distance, centre to centre, between piles divided
by the width of the piles (normally no less than 2).

The efficiency: The average load per pile when failure group occurs divided
by the load at failure of a comparable single pile.

The settlement ratio: The settlement of the group divided by the settlement
of a single pile carrying the same average load.
44 Pile groups

The behavior of piles group essentially varies between two type of

Failure modes:

- Individual pile failure: Each pile punches into the surrounded

Ground (Already presented)

- Block failure: The soil contained within the pile group moves
down with the piles as a block. Similar to a width earth material column
or large equivalent pile.
45 Pile groups
46 Pile groups

B
47 Pile groups
For cohesionless soils
Qb = Ab*[Nq* σ’v + 0.5*γ*B*N γ ] (2)

Where
Nq and N γ are related to the
friction angle, φ’(From graphics,
tables, geotechnical manual)
σ’v is the vertical effective stress
at the bottom
B is the width of the block
γ is the unit weight of soil
48 Pile groups
Note that in sands, the axial capacity of pile groups calculated
with the preceding method, could be more than the sum of the
Individual capacity of the single piles (efficiency larger than 1).
In that case the capacity of the pile groups can be taken as the sum
of the individual capacity of the single piles (efficiency equal to 1).
That is not usually the case for clays.
49 Pile groups
For clays
Qu = Ab*Sc*dc*Nc*Su(base) +As*Su (4)

Where
Qu = Ultimate load of the group (block failure, which is
unlikely to occur for spacing factors > 3)
Ab = Area of the base of the pile group as a block
Sc, dc = Shape and depth correction factors
Nc = is the undrained bearing capacity factor for surface strip
Su(base) is the undrained strength beneath the base
As is the side surface area of the pile group as a block
Su is the average undrained strength over the depth

Usually, efficiency tends from about 0.7 at a pile spacing

factor of 2 to unity when the spacing factor is in excess of 8.
50 Pile groups

Example:

Calculate the ultimate and the design capacity of a

group of 4 wooden piles 30 cm diameter 10 m long
each, driven into a silty sand soil (just one layer
overlaying rock at 15 m depth). Water table is at the
ground surface. Spacing factor between piles is 2.
Unit weight of soil 18 kN/m3, friction angle of soil at
constant volume = 28o. Assume ks=0.8, Nq=15, N γ=11,
FS=2.5
51 Pile groups
Calculations:
For each individual pile:
Abi = π*(0.3)2/4 = 0.070 m2
Asi = π*(0.3)*10 = 9.42 m2
σ’v at 10 m deep = 18*10-10*9.8 = 82 kN/m2
Average σ’v = σ’v = 82/2 = 41 kN/m2
Qbi =0.07*15*82 = 86.1 kN
Qsi = 9.42*0.8*41*tan28 = 164.29 kN
Qui= 86.1+164.29 = 250.39
4*Qui = 4*250.39 = 1001.54 kN
52 Pile groups
Calculations:
For the piles group:
Spacing factor is 2, section width and depth, B = 0.3*2 +0.30 = 0.90m
Ab = 0.90*0.90 = 0.81 m2
As = 4*0.90*10 = 36 m2
Qb = 0.81*[15*82+0.5*18*0.90*11] = 1319.1 kN
Qs = 36*0.8*41*tan28 = 627,84 kN
Qu = 1319,1+627,84= 1946.94 kN
Qu (1946.94) > 4*Qui (1001.54) Efficiency larger than 1
Therefore select Qu = 1001.54 kN
Qdesign pile group = 1001.54/FS = 1001.54/2.5 = 400.61 kN