Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Current Carrier
Metals : Free electrons
Semiconductors : Electrons and electron-holes
Ceramics : Electrons and/or ions
Occupied
valence band
Electrical conductivity, s
proportionality constant between j and E
j nqv
s= E = -1cm-1 or S/cm
E
The drift velocity is directly proportional to the locally
acting electrical field strength, and their ratio is defined
as the mobility, m (i.e., velocity per unit field)
v n (q) v
m= cm-1V-1s-1
s=
E E
s = n (q) m
Absolute mobility, B
drift velocity per unit of applied force F (the virtual force which
acts on a diffusing carrier)
v v s = n (q)2 B
B= =
F (q)E m = (q)B
Ionic Conductivity
vacancy, interstitials
moves under the influence of an electric field
based on random ion hopping
D=kBT
Hence
nq D
2
s
kT
Size
Charge
lattice
q=ze
activation energy
for ion motion
u or, Hm
Energy a (ze)Ea = Fa
Distance
Forward jump rate
(ze)Ea
-u+ kT q = probability of a site
e
2
f+ = q is available for a jump
(ze)Ea (ze)Ea
sinh
2kT
2kT
j = n(ze)v = n(ze)af
na2(ze)2E - u / kT
j = q e
kT
Ionic conductivity
j na2(ze)2 - u / kT
s = E = q e
kT
n(ze)2 n = cion (vacancy mechanism)
s = D n = cint (interstitial mechanism)
kT s
Nernst-Einstein (N-E) Relation
Ionic diffusivity
Ds = a2 qe -u / kT
depends
only on D0
Ds Low T
s0 = conductivity of
Extrinsic pure material
High T
Intrinsic
depends on D0
and vacancy site 1/T
structurally alternate sites
disorder example: a-AgI
solid
Alkali metal conductor
nonstoichiometric aluminate
example: b-Al2O3 i.e. Na2O.11Al2O3
EXTRINSIC
Monoclinic(1170℃)tetragonal(2370℃)cubic
(2680℃)
CaO Ca Zr V O
O
x
O
half a unit cell including a dopant cation and
a charge-compensating oxygen vacancy.
ZrO 2
β-alumina 11 Al2O3 - x Na2O
The crystal is made of parallel thin layers of dense alumina separated from each other by scarcely
occupied planes where all sodium ions are confined.
COMPOSITIONAL Na2O·11Al2O3(β-alumina),Na2O·8Al2O3(β’-alumina),Na2O·5Al2O3(β’’-alumina)
VARIATION
β-alumina is alternate layer of
alumina and Na2O
Na2O·5Al2O3(β’’-
Molten Na
Electrode
Electrode
Molten S
alumina)
Na/S battery
Battery
Limited Application:
Aerospace and satellite
Fuel Cell
The ceramics used in SOFCs do not
become electrically and ionically active until
they reach very high temperature
As a consequence the stacks have to run
at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1,000
°C.
Reduction of oxygen into oxygen ions
occurs at the cathode. These ions can then
diffuse through the solid oxide electrolyte to
the anode where they can electrochemically
oxidize the fuel.
In this reaction, a water byproduct is given
off as well as two electrons. These electrons
then flow through an external circuit where
they can do work.