Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks
I. Sediment
A. Introduction
 Sedimentary Rocks
I. Sediment
A. Introduction
B. Process that leads to Lithification
 Sedimentary Rocks
I. Sediment
A. Introduction
B. Process that leads to Lithification
1) Weathering and Erosion
 Sedimentary Rocks
I. Sediment
A. Introduction
B. Process that leads to Lithification
1) Weathering and Erosion
2) Transportation
 Sedimentary Rocks
I. Sediment
A. Introduction
B. Process that leads to Lithification
1) Weathering and Erosion
2) Transportation
3) Deposition
 Sedimentary Rocks
B. Process that leads to Lithification
1) Weathering and Erosion
2) Transportation
3) Deposition
4) Lithification
 Sedimentary Rocks
B. Process that leads to Lithification
1) Weathering and Erosion
2) Transportation
3) Deposition
4) Lithification
*cementation and compaction
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay (multiple meanings)
1. size (<0.002 mm)
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay (multiple meanings)
1. size (0.004 mm)
2. Mineralogy
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay (multiple meanings)
1. size (0.004 mm)
2. Mineralogy
* kaolinite
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay (multiple meanings)
1. size (0.004 mm)
2. Mineralogy
* kaolinite
*illite
Sedimentary Rocks
1. size (0.004 mm)
2. Mineralogy
* kaolinite
*illite
*montmorillonite
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed.
Rocks
A. Clay
B. Quartz (SiO2)
“flint”, “chert”
High Temp
(1300 C) Olivine Ca Plagioclase Feldspar

Pyroxene Ca-Na Plagioclase Feldspar

Amphibole Na-Ca Plagioclase Feldspar

Biotite Na Plagioclase Feldspar

Orthoclase Feldspar

Muscovite

Low Temp Quartz

(600 C)
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed.
Rocks
A. Clay
B. Quartz
C. Calcite (CaCO3)
 Sedimentary Rocks
II. Composition of Sed. Rocks
A. Clay
B. Quartz
C. Calcite
D. Other Minerals…..
 Sedimentary Rocks
III. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Detrital (Clastic)
 Sedimentary Rocks
III. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Detrital (Clastic)
B. Chemical
 Sedimentary Rocks
III. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Detrital (Clastic)
B. Chemical
C. Biochemical
 Sedimentary Rocks
IV. Morphology (texture)
A. Definition of texture:
“the size and shape of the particle that
make up the rock.”
 Sedimentary Rocks
IV. Morphology (texture)
A. Definition of texture:
“the size and shape of the particle that
make up the rock.”
B. Size
Wentworth Scale
 Sedimentary Rocks
IV. Morphology (texture)
A. Definition of texture:
“the size and shape of the particle that
make up the rock.”
B. Size
C. Shape
 Sedimentary Rocks
C. Shape
1. Roundness
 Sedimentary Rocks
C. Shape
1. Roundness
2. Sphericity
 Sedimentary Rocks
IV. Morphology (texture)
D. Maturity
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V. Types of Sedimentary Rocks
A. “The Model” for clastic rocks
A. “The Model”
B. Descriptions of individual clastic rocks
Breccia
Conglomerate
B. Descriptions of individual clastic rocks
Arkose
Graywacke
Quartz Sandstone
B. Descriptions of individual clastic rocks
Siltstone
Shale/Mudstone
C. Chemical and Biochemical Rocks
Limestones
Micrite
Calcarenite
Limestones
Chalk
Coquina
Fossiliferous
Limestones
Oolitic
C. Chemical and Biochemical Rocks
Limestones
Dolomites
C. Chemical and
Biochemical Rocks
Chert
Coal (Bituminous)
C. Chemical and Biochemical Rocks
Evaporites (Halite and
Gypsum)
 Sedimentary Rocks
VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
Bedding
 Sedimentary Rocks
VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
B. Mud Cracks
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VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
B. Mud Cracks
C. Ripple Marks
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VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
B. Mud Cracks
C. Ripple Marks
D. Cross Bedding
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VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
B. Mud Cracks
C. Ripple Marks
D. Cross Bedding
E. Graded Bedding
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VI. Features of Sedimentary Rocks
A. Bedding
B. Mud Cracks
C. Ripple Marks
D. Cross Bedding
E. Graded Bedding
F. Fossils
VII. Marine Transgressions and Regressions