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• Write an assignment on Different types of
Manometers
Prob 1
• A manometer, as shown in Fig. is being
used to measure the pressure drop across
a flow meter. The heavier fluid is mercury,
with a density of 13.6 g/cm3, and the top
fluid is water, The reading on the
manometer is 32.7 cm. Calculate the
pressure difference in N/m2
• Ans: 4.04 x 104 N/m2
Prob 2
• A simple U tube manometer is installed
across an orifice meter. The manometer is
filled with Hg (specific gravity 13.6) & the
liquid above the Hg is CCl4 (s.g 1.6). The
manometer reads 200mm. What is the
pressure difference over the manometer.
• Ans: 23,544 N/m2
Prob 3
• A U-tube manometer filled with mercury is
connected between two points in a pipeline.
If the manometer reading is 26 mm of Hg,
calculate the pressure difference between
the points when (a) water is flowing through
the pipe (b) air at atmospheric pressure and
20ºC is flowing in the pipe.
Density of mercury = 13.6 gm/cc Density of
water = 1 gm/cc Molecular weight of air =
28.8
• (a) Water is flowing through the pipe:
du
dy
• A fluid obeys this law is Newtonian fluid....(i.e. constant viscosity)
• -----otherwise Non-Newtonian fluid
• All gases and most liquids which have simpler
molecular formula and low molecular weight
such as water, benzene, ethyl alcohol, CCl4,
hexane and most solutions of simple molecules
are Newtonian fluids.
44.1 10.2
235.3 170
357.1 340
457.1 510
636.8 1020
Mechanism of Fluid Flow
• When a fluid flows through a pipe or channel, the character of the
flow can vary according to the conditions.
– Diameter of pipe
– Velocity of fluid
– Density of fluid
– Viscosity of fluid
Dvr
N Re
• It can be seen that all the units cancel out; i.e.
Re is dimensionless.
(m)( m / s)( kg / m 3 )
N Re
kg / ms
Significance of Re
• For a straight circular pipe
• 1 gal = 3.785L
• Change all the units to SI
• D = (2.067)0.0254 m
• Since velocity = flowrate / CSA
v = {10(3.785x10-3) m3} / {(60 sec) (p/4)D2 m2}
• r=0.996 x103 kg/m3
• =0.8007 10-3 kg/m.s
• NRe = 19030 < 2100 (LAMINAR)
Prob 2
• NRe for milk flow:
• Whole milk @ 293K having a density of
1030 kg/m3 and viscosity 2.12 cP is
flowing at a rate of 0.605 kg/s in a glass
pipe having a dia of 63.5mm.
– Cal NRe
– Cal the flow rate needed in m3/s for Re=2100
and velocity in m/s
• Vol.flow rate = Mass flow rate / density
• Velocity = Vol.flow rate / CSA
• v = (0.605 / 1030) / {(p/4) (63.5x10-3)2 }
• NRe = 5722 Turbulent
• If NRe =2100
• v = 0.0608 m/s
• Q = 2.155x10-4m3/s
Prob 3
• Pipe dia & Re:
An oil is being pumped inside a 10mm dia pipe @
Re of 2100. The oil density is 855 kg/m3 and
viscosity is 2.1x10-2 Pa-s.
a) What is the velocity in the pipe?
b) It is desired to maintain the same Re 2100 and
the same velocity as in part (a) using a second
fluid with a density of 925 kg/m3 and viscosity
1.5x10-2 Pa-s. What pipe dia should be used?
• a). Pa-s = kg/m-s
• v = 5.158 m/s
• b). D = 6.6 mm