IN-TEXT AND

END-TEXT
CITATIONS
1
CITING IN THE TEXT

Two styles of citing sources in the text:

1. Author/Date System
2. Number System

2
Author/Date System

 Author’s surname
 Year of publication
 Page number referred to (a must if quoted)
 Emphasis on author OR
 Emphasis on information

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Emphasis on Author

 Esp. useful if author is a person of

authority in the field
 Chopra (2001: 470), in explaining the
basic principle of the vibration
absorber or the tuned mass damper,
defined it as a mechanism that helps to
reduce or get rid of unwanted vibration.

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Emphasis on Information

 Author’s surname & year of publication

in brackets after information
 The vibration absorber, which is also
referred to as the tuned mass damper,
helps to reduce or remove unwanted
vibration (Chopra, 2001: 470).

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CITING IN THE TEXT

Two styles of citing sources in the text:

1. Author/Date System
2. Number System

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Number System
 Insert a number reference rather than author & year
 Number can be put in brackets, square brackets or a
superscript
 The vibration absorber, which is also referred to as the…(1:
470)
 Chopra [1], in explaining the basic principle…
 The vibration absorber, which is also referred to as the
tuned mass damper, helps to reduce or remove unwanted
vibration.¹
 Several researchers have addressed…[1,3,6,10].

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One author for a cited reference
 Pinnavaia (2007) reported the preparation
of polyurethane-MMT nanocomposites
using a direct in situ intercalative
polymerization technique.
 End-text:
 Pinnavaia, P. W. (2007). Technical
Communication: A Reader-Centered
Approach. Boston: Thomson Wadworth.
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 Two authors for a cited reference
 Emphasis on author: use the word “and” -
Strawhecker and Manias (2004) used this method in
attempts to produce PVA/MMT nanocomposites
films.
 Emphasis on info: use the ampersand in parentheses -
This method was used in attempts to produce
PVA/MMT nanocomposites films (Strawhecker &
Manias, 2004).
 End-text:
 Strawhecker, P., & Manias, C. (2004). Production of
PVA/MMT nanocomposites films. Sydney: Allen
and Unwin. 9
 Three to five authors for a cited reference
 Name all authors the first time, subsequent citations use
first author’s last name plus “et al.”
 Emphasis on author: Choi, Rusdi, Jones, Smith and
Rashidi (2010) prepared PEO/MMT nanocomposites by a
solvent casting method using chloroform as a co-solvent.
 Emphasis on info: PEO/MMT nanocomposites were
prepared by a solvent casting method using chloroform as
a co-solvent (Choi, Rusdi, Jones, Smith, & Rashidi, 2010).
 Subsequent citations – Choi et al. (2010)
 End-text:
 Choi, K., Rusdi, N., Jones, B., Smith, A., & Rashidi,
R. (2010). Nanocomposites. Kuala Lumpur:
McGraw Hill. 10
 Six and more authors for a cited reference
 Use first author’s last name plus “et al.”
 Emphasis on author: The study by Powell et al.
(2007) argues….
 Emphasis on info: Their study concludes that the
earth is round (Powell et al., 2007).
 End-text:
 Powell, A., Allen, S. J., Jordan, S., Storey, M., Thornton,
C. A., Gravenor, M., …Morgan, G. (2007). The Earth.
Boston: Thomson Wadworth.
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Two or more works by same author(s) in same year
 Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to
distinguish the entries
 Hewitt (2010a) states that…this was supported
by Hewitt (2010b)…
 In references:
 Hewitt, A. (2010a). Fatal Storm. Sydney: Allen
and Unwin.
 Hewitt, A. (2010b). Survival at Sea. Sydney:
Allen and Unwin.

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More than one work cited
 If you cite two or more works within the same
parentheses they should be in alphabetical order.
 …(Philips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe,
Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010).

 Arrange two or more works by the same authors by

year of publication
 …(Davies, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).

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Authors with the same last name
 Include first author’s initials in all citations, even
if the year of publication differs
 Among studies, H. Davies et al. (2013) and P. G.
Davies, Revell and Mayston (2011)…
 In reference:
 Davies, H., Brophy, S., Dennis, M., Cooksey, R.,
Irvine, E., & Siebert, S. (2013). Title…
 Davies, P. G., Revell, P. A., & Mayston, V. (2011).
Title…

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No date

 The abbreviation n.d. is used

 Smith (n.d.) has demonstrated that…
 However, every effort should be made to
establish the year of publication if you intend to
use this work as supporting evidence in an
academic submission.
 Not advisable for your FYP

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No author
 Use the title of a journal, a book, a brochure, or a
report (in italics) or for an article, a chapter, or a
webpage, use double quotation mark (“ ”)
 The brochure Marketing Strategy (2006)…
 The website (“AWMGS (All Wales Genetics
Medical Service),” 2013)…

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Secondary

 Referring to an author that another author has

referred to in his/her work
 Kleinman (2006) cited in Cunningham-Burley
(2008) argued….
 It is the non-professional arena that illness is
first defined (Kleinman, 2006, cited in
Cunningham-Burley, 2008).

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Please refer to materials
provided in VLE.

18
 References
Edith Cowan University (n.d.). ECU Referencing Guide [pdf]. Available from
https://www.ecu.edu.au/centres/library-services/shared-
content/downloads/ECU-Referencing-Guide-2014-July-update.pdf.

Krishnan, L. A., Jong, R., Kathpalia, S. S. and Tam, M. K. (2006). Engineering your
Report: From Start to Finish, 2nd edition. Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Swansea University (n.d.) Referencing according to the APA 6th style [pdf]. Available
from: https://blackboard.swan.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/
LibraryISSResources/Referencing%20Guides/Full%20APA%20referencing%20gu
ide.pdf.

Trexler Library, Muhlenberg College (n.d. ). APA Style [pdf]. Available from:
http://www.muhlenberg.edu/library/reshelp/apa_example.pdf.

UniKL MICET (2012). Thesis Manual [pdf] Alor Gajah: UniKL MICET. Available from:
https://vle.unikl.edu.my/pluginfile.php/109232/mod_resource/content/1/UniKL
%20MICET%20Thesis%20Manual%202012.pdf

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (2015) Final Year Project Handbook (3rd ed.)
[pdf]. Available from: https://vle.unikl.edu.my/pluginfile.php/
109236/mod_resource/content/1/FYP%20Handbook%203rd%20Edition%20-
%20Edited%2028JAN2015.pdf.
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Any questions?

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