Fungicides Classification

• Fungicide can be classified based on its

• Mobility in the plant - contact or systemic
• Breadth of activity – single sites or multi sites
• Mode of action – damage cell membranes,
inactivates critical enzymes or proteins,
interferes with key processes in the metabolism
or respiration

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 Fungicides classification: contact or
systemic
Contact Systemic
• Remains on the surface • Absorb into plant
• New plant growth is not • Some move very short distance
protected and some move further
• Repeated application required • Propiconazole, mono- and di-
• Chlorothalonil potassium salt of phosphoric
acid

http://www.ballpublishing.com/growertalks/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=18447
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Fungicides classification: mode of
action

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 Fungicide Resistance Action
Committee (FRAC)
• Benzimidazole Fungicides (Group 1)
act by blocking the polymerization of tubulin preventing nuclear division
of fungal cells
• Dicarboximide Fungicides (Group 2)
act by blocking signal transduction
• Phenylamide Fungicides (Group 4)
suppresses sporangial formation, mycelial growth, and establishment of
new infections
• Demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) Fungicides (Group 3)
preventing the formation of sterols, such as ergosterol, which are
needed in fungal cell walls
• Qol or Strobilurin Fungicides (Group 11)
act by inhibiting fungal mitochondrial respiration

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Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
(FRAC)

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 Fungicides classification: single or
multi-sites
Single-site Multi-site
• active against only one point • Affect a number of
in one metabolic pathway in
a pathogen or against a metabolic sites within the
single critical enzyme or fungus
protein needed by the • mancozeb
fungus
• chlorothalonil

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Fungal Resistant to Fungicides

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 Is it really resistance?
• Most of fungicides failure is not necessarily resistance
• Things to consider before assuming fungal resistance to
fungicide:
– Fungicide application – inadequate rate, poor spray
coverage, antagonism between 2 product
– Environmental and plant growth condition – stress
condition, raining, new plant growth
– The nature of the pathogen – incorrect pathogen
identification, high fungal population

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 What is fungicide resistance?
• Genetic adaptation of the fungus
that leads to the reduction of the
sensitivity to fungicide which
result to the failure of a correct
application of the fungicide
• Fungal resistance is varied, some
more rapid than others
• When pesticide applied, a tiny
proportion of the fungal
(mycelium, sclerotia or spore)
population may survive
• When they breed, the next
generation will inherit the genetic
resistant trait to pesticide
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 What is fungicide resistance?
• If the same pesticide applied, these
next generation population will not
be affected
• The resistant population will
increase
• The pesticide applicator will realize
that the once highly effective
pesticide no longer able to control
at the same rate
• Applicator will increase the rate
and interval of application until the
pesticide provides little or no
control at all
http://pesticidestewardship.org/resistance/Pag
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es/understandingresistance.aspx 27