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Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the study
of energy and its
transformation.
• Most studies of thermodynamics
are primarily concerned with two
forms of energy- heat and
work.
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Important terminologies
• System
▫ A region in space containing a quantity of matter whose behavior is being
investigated.
▫ Everything external to the system is surrounding.
▫ System is separated from the surrounding by boundary which may be a real
or some imaginary surface enveloping the region.
▫ Boundary may be at rest or in motion and may change its size and shape.
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Important terminologies
• Classification of System
1. Open system: Mass and energy both can cross
the system boundary
2. Close system: No mass cross the boundary but
energy is allowed to cross the boundary.
3. Isolated system: Mass and energy none can
cross the system boundary.
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Important terminologies
• Working fluid/ substance
▫ It is a fluid i.e. gas or liquid in which energy can be
stored, removed or transferred through.
▫ For example steam in a steam engine works as a
working fluid.
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Important terminologies
• Properties
▫ These are descriptive characteristics that expresses the
behavior of a system.
▫ There are six basic properties in thermodynamics. They are,
 Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy,
enthalpy and entropy.
▫ Pressure, volume and temperature can be measured by
human sense.
▫ Internal energy, enthalpy and entropy can not be measured
by human sense and are mathematical quantities.
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Important terminologies
• Internal energy
▫ Sum of energies of all the molecules of a system.
▫ The molecules of any system may posses both kinetic and
potential energy and thus the total internal energy is the
summation of internal kinetic and potential energy.
U=K+P

Where, U = total internal energy

K = total kinetic energy
P = total potential energy
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Important terminologies
• Enthalpy
▫ It is a calculated property of matter that is sometimes very
loosely defined as “total heat”.
▫ The enthalpy H, of a given mass of material at any given
thermodynamic condition is the summation of all the energy
supplied to it to bring it to that condition from some initial
condition arbitrarily taken as the zero point of enthalpy.
H = U + PV
Where, P = Pressure
V = Volume
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Important terminologies
• Entropy
▫ Entropy S, like enthalpy, is a calculated property of matter.
▫ Entropy of a given mass of material at any given condition is
an expression of the total energy transferred to the
material per degree of absolute temperature to bring the
material to that condition from some arbitrarily selected zero or
reference point.
Q
S  ,
T
where, S  change in entropy
Q = heat energy transferred
T = absolute temperature
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Important terminologies
• State/ Stage
▫ The state/ stage of a system at any instance is its
condition characterized by the values of its
properties.

• Equilibrium state
▫ The system is said to be in thermodynamic
equilibrium if it is not capable of a finite
spontaneous change to another state without a
finite change in the state of the surrounding
environment.
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Important terminologies
• Process
▫ Any transformation of a system from one
equilibrium state to another.

• Path
▫ Path refers to the specification of a series of
states through which the system passes.
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The End