Soil Nail Pullout Interaction

STUDY ON THE SOIL-NAIL
PULLOUT INTERACTION
Presentation Outline
1. Introduction
2. Research Problem
3. Objectives
4. Methodology
5. Results and discussion
6. Conclusion and Future direction
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Introduction
Do you know
these places
Walipenna Slope Failure Kokmaduwa Slope Failure

(Chainage 42+640 ) (Chainage 114)
Soil nailing Technique

Introduction
Drilling bore hole
Soil-nail installation
Grouting
Spraying shotcrete
Inserting nail plate
Excavation
Final permanent facing

Introduction
Soil-nail failure
Tensile failure Shear failure

F
Pull-out resistance
Key parameter for design

Research Problem
Soil-nail Interaction Design Field
pullout pullout
Project test Remarks
Complex value
(kN) value
Matara- (kN)
Lack of theoretical knowledge 41 82
No
Beliatta failure
railway
No exact method of calculation No
Victoria 54 81
for design failure
No
Panamure 113 200
failure
Overdesign Costs more [Engineering & Laboratory services(Pvt)Ltd]
Objectives
• Select the most appropriate analytical model
based on field and laboratory experimental
data
• Investigation of effect of different parameters

on pullout resistance using a numerical model.

Research Methodology
Selecting Best Analytical Model For Soil-
Nailing Design
Six Analytical Models
Simulated using laboratory experimental Simulated using field experimental

data data

Analytical Models-Literature Review
Method Name Equation
1. Heymann et al.1992
2. Hong Kong method-

Yeo and Leung 2001
3. Pradhan et al. 2006

Analytical Models
4. Wang
and
Richwien
2002
5. Zhang et
al.2009

Analytical Models
6. Gurupersaud
2010

Nailing Design

data data

Load cell Portal frame
Steel plate
Hydraulic jacks
Dial gauges 0.25m

Grouted nail
Compacted
soil Laboratory Model - Karunathilake
(2016)
200
Pullout resistance (kPa)
a su r e d
150 Me od el
r saud m
Gur up e
100
50
0
25 45 65 85
Overburden pressure (kPa)

measured method1 method2 method 3 method4
method5 method6
Nailing Design

data data

Soil-Nailing site at Kegalle hospital
A
A2 Sample
locations
A1 B
B2
B1
Depth C
C2
Test nails C1
D
D2
D1
Soil b Road
a
Granite
Kumara (2016) Bed rock
Pullout capacity (kPa)
-6
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
-6.5
-7 Gurupersaud model Measured pullout a

-7.5
Depth (m)
-8 Measured pullout b
-8.5
Method 1
-9
Method 2
-9.5
Method 3
-10
-10.5 Method 5
-11 Method 4

02/16/2017
Nailing Design

data data
Gurupersaud
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT
2010 02/16/2017
Numerical Model Study
Use PLAXIS 2D

Surcharge 15 kPa
Parametric Study
0.75m
Nail 1 1.5m
5m
Nail 2 1.5m
1.5m
Nail 3
Nail 4 1.5m Nail-nail spacing=1.5m
25m Soil 1.5m

Stage 1
Stage Phase 01 Phase 02 Phase 03 Phase 04

construction
Stage 2
Phase 05 Phase 06 Phase 07
Stage 3
Phase 08 Phase 09 Phase 10
Stage 4
Phase
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 11 Phase 12 02/16/2017
Effect of Nail inclination
Beyond 15°
2 • Behaviour of nail alter
1.5 tension to compression
FOS
1
0°-15°
0.5
• Behaviour of nail
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
tension
Nail inclination (degrees)
Nail number 4
Displacement (m)
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
50 -1
T e n s ile fo rce (kN )
40 0°
-2 5°
30
10°
Depth Z (m)
-3
20
15°
-4
10 20°
0 -5 45°
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
55°
-10
Compression -6
-20
-7
Nail inclination (°) -8
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 15° nail inclination 02/16/2017
Effect of Other Parameters
on slope stability
Higher Dilation angle, Friction angle, cohesion and
matric suction
• Higher FOS
Matric suction and dilation

should not be neglected
Higher FOS
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT • Lesser displacement in facing
30/11/2016
Verification of Laboratory
test results

Vertical stress variation
Matric
•CE7607 suction
UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCHis really important
PROJECT 30/11/2016
14
Laboratory values
12
Pullout force (kN)
10 Numerical values
8
4
Theoretical values
2
20 40 60 80
Surcharge (kPa)
Conclusions
Best analytical model • Gurupersaud 2010
Higher FOS • Lesser displacement in facing
Higher Dilation angle, Friction

• Higher FOS
angle, Cohesion and matric suction
15° nail inclination can be Matric suction and dilation

recommended. should not be neglected
Future Directions
Analytical model with grout pressure
PLAXIS 3D instead
of PLAXIS 2D
Hybrid nail arrangement

Introduction
Do you know the best and most popular slope
stabilizing technique ?
Soil-nailing Technique
Drilling bore hole Soil-nail installation
Spraying shotcrete Grouting
Inserting nail plate Excavation
FinalRESEARCH
CE7607UNDERGRADUATE permanent
PROJECTfacing 30/11/2016
Basic Soil Properties
Test Property Value
Sieve analysis Soil type Well-graded sand (SW)
Specific gravity test Specific gravity 2.38
Optimum Moisture 13.5%
Standard Proctor Content
Compaction test Maximum Dry Unit 18.6 kN/
weight
Liquid Limit 33%
Atterberg limit test Plastic Limit 28%
Plasticity Index 5%
Basic Soil Properties
Test Property Value
Friction Angle 43° Steel
Soil-soil interface Sand
Cohesion 25 kPa plate
Direct shear test
Dilation angle 4°
Soil-steel interface Friction Angle 43°
Direct shear test Cohesion 9 kPa
Grouted mould
Soil-grout interface Friction Angle 43°
Direct shear test Cohesion 12 kPa

Property Value Assumed Matric suction 50kPa
Soil-nail length 0.55m 200
φb
=8°
Soil-nail grouted
0.40m
180
u re d
Pullout resistance (kPa)

160 ea s el
length M m o d
Soil-nail diameter 0.01m 140
sa ud
p e r
Drill hole
120
Guru
0.05m 100
diameter 80
460 N/mm tor 2
60
Soil-nail strength
steel 40
Nail inclination 15° with horizontal 20
Overburden 0
0.25m 25 45 65 85
height
Void ratio 0.43 Overburden pressure (kPa)
Water content measured method1 method2
6
(%)
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT method 3 method4 method5
30/11/2016
60
Effect of cohesion
• Higher cohesion
50
Higher axial force
Axial force (kN/m)
40
• Axial force variation less
30 C=10kN/m2
20
C=15 kN/m2 • Maximum tensile force
C=20kN/m2
10
Nail 4
0 Overburden pressure Normal stress

1 2 3 4
Nail number
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT
Shear stress Axial force 30/11/2016
Effect of cohesion cont..
Displacement(m) 2.4
0 2.3
0 0.010.010.020.020.030.030.040.04
-1 2.2
f(x) = 0.04x + 1.4
-2 2.1
2
Depth Z (m)
FOS
-3 C=10kN/m2
1.9
-4 C=15kN/m2
1.8
C=20kN/m2
-5 1.7
1.6
-6
1.5
-7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
CE7607
-8UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT Cohesion kN/m2
30/11/2016
Effect of Nail length
0 4.5
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
-1 4
3.5
Depth Z (m)
-2
3m
FOS
-3 3
5m
-4 7m 2.5
10m 2
-5
1.5
-6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Axial force (kN/m) Nail length (m)
Effect of Nail length cont..
Depth Z (m)
7
0
Displacement (m) 45° + (ø/2) =62°
0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
6
-1 56 °
f(x) = - 1.47x + 16.17
-2 5
3
Y(m)
-3 m 4
5 Linear ()
-4
m 3
-5
2
-6 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5
-7 X(m)
Effect of Nail length cont..
5m
Failure
plane Pattern 01 Pattern 02 Pattern 03
Active
zone
Passive
zone
Pattern
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH 04
PROJECT Pattern 05 30/11/2016
Excavation stages
Depth Z(m)
6 Displacement (m)
0
5.5 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
-1
5
4.5 pattern 1 -2
Pattern 1
FOS
4 pattern 2 -3
Pattern 2
pattern 3 -4
3.5 Pattern 3
pattern 4 -5
3 Pattern 4
pattern 5
2.5 -6
collapse
2 -7
1.5 -8
1
1m beyond failure plane
1 2 3 4

Effect of Friction angle
6
Depth Z(m)
Displacement(m)
0
5 0 0.010.020.030.040.050.060.07
-1
4 ∅=15 ∅=15
-2
∅=20 ∅=20
FOS
3
∅=25 -3 ∅=25
2 ∅=30 -4 ∅=30
∅=35 ∅=35
1 -5
∅=40 ∅=40
0 -6
1 2 3 4
-7
Excavation
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE stages
RESEARCH PROJECT 30/11/2016
Effect of Dilation
2.33 0 Displacement (m)
Depth Z(m)
0 0 0 01 01 01 01 01 02 02
2.32
-1 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
2.31
-2
FOS
2.30 ψ=0
2.29 -3 ψ=4
2.28 -4 ψ=8
2.27 ψ=12
-5
2.26 ψ=16
-6
2.25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-7
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATEDilation
RESEARCHangle (°)
PROJECT 30/11/2016
Effect of Matric suction
Depth Z(m)
Higher Dilation angle,

0 FOS
1.7
-1
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Friction angle, cohesion and
-2 matric suction
-3
-4
-5 • Higher FOS
-6
-7
-8
Matric suction and dilation
-9 should not be neglected
Higher FOS • Lesser displacement in facing

test results
D is p la c e m e n t ( m m )
3.5
2.5
1.5
1
dial gauge
0.5
at nail head
0 dial gauge
-0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180
at nail tail
-1
-1.5
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT Time (S) 30/11/2016

Vertical stress (kPa)
75
70
Before
65
During
pullout pullout
60
55 Sensor at nail
50
head
Sensor at mid of
45
the nail
40
Sensor at nail
35 tail
30
Time (S)
14
12
• Improper simulation of
boundary conditions
10
• Constant thickness
Pullout force (kN)
8
of interface
• Dilation angle changes

6
4 during shearing
2
20 40 60 80
• Drill hole can loosen
Surcharge (kPa)
CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT soil 30/11/2016
test results
Nail head
Failure interface
Laboratory results
Laboratory verification
Introduction
Follow slope stabilizing

techniques
 Gabion walls
 Mass concrete walls
 Rubble masonry wall
 Crib walls
 Soil nailing
Introduction
Soil nailing
 Low cost
 Fast construction
 Less working
area

Objectives
• Comparative study on selected existing
analytical models to identify most critical
parameters on pull-out resistance of soil-nailing
system.
• Investigation of effect of dilation, matric suction,
interface shear strength parameters and degree
of saturation on pull-out resistance using a
numerical model.
• Determine the most appropriate existing
analytical model to compute pull-out resistance
based on field and laboratory experimental data,
in PROJECT
CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH order to recommend for soil-nailing design.6/07/2016
Research
Methodology
Objective 01
Objective 02
Objective 03

Sensitivity Analysis
Draw graphs with pull-out Identify critical
resistance Versus parameters
varying parameter

Literature review
Effect Of Dilatancy
• Gassler (1983,1992) –shear
resistance depends on
restrained dilatancy in the
shear zone between nail
and soil.
• Schlosser et al. (1991)
mentioned dilation occurs
in dense sand during pull-
out RESEARCH PROJECT
CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE 6/07/2016
Literature review
Effect Of Matric Suction-negative pore water pressure
Su et al.(2008)-
peak pullout strength of the soil nails -influenced by the
degree of saturation
Potyondy (1961)-
interface angle of friction decreased by about when
the water content was increased from completely dry to
full saturation
Selected Analytical Models

Other Models
• Jewell (1990)
• Adhesion neglected

Purpose of sensitivity analysis
Let’s think slope inclination
critical parameter
Gurupersau
d 2010
Where
1+(1-)/2
Slope inclination angle

Let’s imagine our optimal solution
Zhang
et
al.2009
Here no inclination angle
So can develop analytical model

Laboratory data
Pullout force
Test no. Surcharge (kPa) (kN)
1 20 5.2
2 40 8.0
Test Measur Met Met Met Met Met Metho

No. ed hod hod hod hod hod d 06
pullout 01 02 03 04 05 (kPa)
resista (kPa (kPa (kPa (kPa (kPa
nce ) ) ) ) )
(kPa)
1 83 49 41 49 32 70 82
2 128 68 56 64 58 95 119
Field data
Property Value
Soil-nail length 5m Test nail Average overburden height(m)
Soil-nail grouted length 2.5m B1,B2 6.46
Soil-nail diameter 25mm C1,C2 9.00
Drill hole diameter 116mm D1,D2 10.92
Soil-nail strength 460 N/mm2 tor steel
Cover 50mm
Nail inclination 15° with horizontal
Nail location B C D
Cohesion(kPa) 20 10 10
Friction angle(°) 33 40 44
Bulk density
15.40 14.81 18.93
(KN/m3)
Soil classification MH MH SM
Matric suction(kPa) 22.90 19.90 15.90
Degree of
63.94 69.75 59.30
saturation (%)
Measured pullout capacity
Depth (m)
(kN)
4.5 137
4.5 106
7.5 152
7.5 141
9.25 202
9.25 202
Parameter
Varying range Realistic range Typical value
One at a time
(°) 0-50 20-45 25
(kPa) 0-70 0-15 10
(°) 0-50 10-45 20
v 0-0.4 0.1-0.4 0.3
ψ(°) 0-30 0-20 8
(kPa) 0-200 0-150 100
(°) 0-50 10-30 20
S 0-1 0-1 0.3
0-90
0-90 45-90
45-90 75
75
Sensitivity coefficient (SC)= = = 0.0121/
Sensitivity index1 = =0.3995
Sensitivity index2
=
= 0.0115/

Soil Nail Pullout Interaction

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STUDY ON THE SOIL-NAIL

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Walipenna Slope Failure Kokmaduwa Slope Failure

Soil nailing Technique

Inserting nail plate

Final permanent facing

Tensile failure Shear failure

Key parameter for design

• Investigation of effect of different parameters

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Simulated using laboratory experimental Simulated using field experimental

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

2. Hong Kong method-

3. Pradhan et al. 2006

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Simulated using laboratory experimental Simulated using field experimental

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Dial gauges 0.25m

Overburden pressure (kPa)

Simulated using laboratory experimental Simulated using field experimental

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

-7 Gurupersaud model Measured pullout a

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 27/09/2016

Simulated using laboratory experimental Simulated using field experimental

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Nail 4 1.5m Nail-nail spacing=1.5m

25m Soil 1.5m

Stage Phase 01 Phase 02 Phase 03 Phase 04

Phase 08 Phase 09 Phase 10

Matric suction and dilation

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 02/16/2017

Higher FOS • Lesser displacement in facing

Higher Dilation angle, Friction

15° nail inclination can be Matric suction and dilation

Hybrid nail arrangement

Spraying shotcrete Grouting

Inserting nail plate Excavation

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 30/11/2016

Pullout resistance (kPa)

0 Overburden pressure Normal stress

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 30/11/2016

Higher Dilation angle,

Higher FOS • Lesser displacement in facing

CE7607 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT Time (S) 30/11/2016

• Dilation angle changes

Follow slope stabilizing

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

CE7406 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH PROJECT 6/07/2016

Slope inclination angle

Here no inclination angle

So can develop analytical model

Test Measur Met Met Met Met Met Metho

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