ECOLOGY

PERMASALAHAN
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
lingkungan hidup manusia sudah
semakin terganggu dan terus
mengalami kerusakan
perlu mendapat pemecahan dan
penanggulangan serta
pengelolaan secara serius
Pengelolaan lingkungan mutlak
perlu demi masa depan umat
manusia sendiri.
 Lanjutan……
• Diawali pada bulan April 1968, sejumlah 30
orang ahli dari segala penjuru dunia
berkumpul di Acadenua dei Lincei, Roma
atas undangan untuk membahas masalah
lingkungan hidup.
• Diawali pada bulan April 1968,
sejumlah 30 orang ahli dari segala
penjuru dunia berkumpul di Acadenua
dei Lincei, Roma atas undangan untuk
membahas masalah lingkungan hidup.
 Lanjutan……
• Juni 1972 di Stockholm (Swedia), sejumlah
113 utusan negara dari badan dunia yaitu
PBB hadir pada pertemuan yang membicara
kan masalah lingkungan hidup yang disebut
dengan “UN Conference on Human
Environment” yang kemudian dikenal
dengan “Stockholm Conference”, atau “Hari
Lingkungan Hidup dan ditetapkan pada
tanggal 5 Juni 1972.”.
 Lanjutan……
Begitu pula di Bali telah dilangsungkan
Konperensi yang berhubungan dengan
Lingkungan hidup pada bulan Oktober 1982
dan merupakan tindak lanjut dari
Konperensi di Stockholm, yang kemudian
Indonesia mempunyai UULH.
Key Environmental Problems and Their Basic Causes

The Big Five

The major causes of environmental problems are
population growth,
wasteful resource use,
poverty,
poor environmental accounting,
and ecological ignorance.

Natural capital degradation: major environmental and

resource problems
 MASALAH LINGKUNGAN

Beberapa masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat aktivitas manusia:

1. Perubahan iklim — Pemanasan global • Asap global • Bahan bakar fosil •

Kenaikan permukaan laut • Gas rumah kaca • Peningkatan keasaman laut
2. Konservasi — Kepunahan spesies • Penurunan jumlah polinator • Pemutihan
koral • Kejadian kepunahan holosen • Spesies invasif • Perburuan liar •
Spesies terancam
3. Bendungan — Dampak lingkungan dari bendungan
4. Energi — Konservasi energi • Energi terbarukan • Penggunaan energi yang
efisien • Komersialisasi energi terbarukan
5. Rekayasa genetik — Polusi genetik • Kontroversi makanan hasil modifikasi
genetik
6. Pertanian intensif — Penggembalaan berlebihan • Irigasi • Monokultur •
Dampak lingkungan dari produksi daging
7. Degradasi lahan — Polusi tanah • Desertifikasi
1. Tanah — Konservasi tanah • Erosi tanah • Kontaminasi tanah • Salinasi
tanah
8. Penggunaan lahan — Urbanisasi • Fragmentasi habitat • Penghancuran
habitat
9. Nanoteknologi — Nanotoksikologi • Polusi nano
10. Masalah nuklir — Keruntuhan nuklir • Pelelehan nuklir • Energi nuklir •
Sampah radioaktif
 MASALAH LINGKUNGAN
Beberapa masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat aktivitas
manusia:
11. Populasi berlebihan — Kuburan
12. Pelubangan ozon — CFC
13. Polusi — Polusi cahaya • Polusi suara • Polusi visual
- Polusi air — Hujan asam • Eutrofikasi • Polusi laut • Pembuangan
sampah ke laut • Tumpahan minyak • Polusi termal • Krisis air •
Sampah laut • Peningkatan keasaman laut • Polusi kapal • Air
limbah
- Polusi udara — Kabut asap • Ozon troposferik • Kualitas udara
dalam ruangan • Bahan organik volatil • Materi partikulat • Sulfur
dioksida
14. Penghilangan sumber daya alam — Eksploitasi sumber daya alam
- Konsumerisme — Kapitalisme konsumen • Konsumsi berlebihan
- Penangkapan ikan — Peledakkan • Pukat dasar laut • Penangkapan
ikan dengan sianida • Jaring hantu • Penangkapan ikan ilegal, tidak
dilaporkan, dan tidak diatur • Penangkapan ikan berlebihan • Sirip
hiu • Penangkapan ikan paus
- Penebangan hutan — Penebangan habis • Deforestasi • Penebang
an hutan ilegal
- Pertambangan — Drainase tambang asam • Pertambangan terbuka
 MASALAH LINGKUNGAN

Beberapa masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat aktivitas manusia:

15. Racun — klorofluorokarbon • DDT • Gangguan kelenjar endokrin •
Dioksin • Logam berat • Herbisida • Pestisida • Limbah beracun •
Bifenil terklorinasi • Akumulasi biologi • Biomagnifikasi
16. Limbah — E-waste • Sampah • Pembuangan sampah sembarangan •
Sampah lautan • Tempat pembuangan akhir • Leachate • Daur ulang
• Insinerasi

17. Kebakaran hutan

 KEY CONCEPT
Ecology is the study of the relationships
among organisms and their environment.
 Interdependence:
A Key Theme in Ecology
• Organisms and Their Environments
– Species interact with both other species and
their nonliving environment.
– Interdependence is a theme in ecology—
one change can affect all species in an
ecosystem
 The Scope of Ecology
• population growth
• competition between species
• symbiotic relationships
• trophic (=feeding) relationships
• origin of biological diversity
• interaction with the physical environment
The organization of our world!

Biology
Ecological levels of
organization
Ecologists recognize a
Biosphere
hierarchy of
Ecosystem organization in the
Community environment:
Population
biosphere, ecosystem,
community,
Species
population, and
organism.
 Biosphere
• The biosphere is the part of Earth
where life exists.
• The biosphere is another way to refer
to the Earth.
• The broadest, most inclusive level of
organization,
• the volume of Earth and its atmosphere
that supports life.
 Biosphere – 3 parts
• Lithosphere
- land
• Hydrosphere
- water
• Atmosphere
- Air
• Life extends 8
km up and 11
km below the
surface
 Biosphere
• While the earth is huge, life is found in
a very narrow layer.
• If the earth could be shrunk to the size
of an apple, the biosphere would be no
thicker than the apple's skin.

• The biosphere, like the human body, is

made up of systems that interact and
are dependent on each other.
Ecological Level
Ecologists Study Relationships Biome
– Levels of Organization
• Biome: regional or global community of
organisms
Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Community

Community

Population
Population

Organism
Organism
• Biome- group of
ecosystems that have the
same climate and similar
dominant communities
• Biomes: tropical rain
forest, tropical dry forest,
tropical savannah,
temperate grassland,
desert, temperate
woodland and shrubland,
temperate forest,
northwestern coniferous
forest, boreal forest (taiga),
tundra, mountains and ice
caps
 Ecosystems
– The biosphere is composed of smaller
units called ecosystems.
– An ecosystem includes all of the organisms
and the nonliving environment found in a
particular place.
– All ecosystems must have a constant
source of energy (usually the sun) and
cycles or systems to reuse raw materials.
Examples are the water, nitrogen and
carbon cycles.
Examples:
• Forest ecosystem includes grass, soil,
wind, sunlight, animals
• Ocean ecosystem includes fish, coral,
rocks at the bottom, temperature of
water
Examples of ecosystems
• A pond.
• Abiotic factors?
• Biotic Factors?
 Ecologists Study Relationships
– Levels of Organization
• Ecosystem: all living and nonliving things in an area

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Community

Community

Population
Population

Organism
Organism
BIOSPHERE
 An ecosystem consists of all abiotic factors
plus all organisms that exist in a certain
area  Ecosystem ecology.
.(An organism’s environment has both
abiotic and biotic components).

- Abiotic components are nonliving

chemical and physical factors such as
temperature, light, water, and nutrients.

- Biotic components are living factors such

as other organisms.
 Biotic components
.
All living organisms share sevent basic
properties:
1. Cellular Organization – cell is basic unit of life
2. Metabolism – use energy
3. Homeostasis - maintain stable internal conditions
4. Growth and reproduction
5. Heredity
living things come from living things
Information for traits coded in DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
6. Respond to Stimuli
7. Adapt
 Community
• Community is defined as groups of
species (populations) that occupy a given
area, interacting with each other directly
or indirectly.
Examples:
• A forest: populations of trees, populations of
mushrooms, populations of birds
• A lake: populations of insects, populations of
fish, populations of algae
 Ecologists Study Relationships
– Levels of Organization
• Community: group of different species living in one area

Community

Community

Population
Population

Organism
Organism
 Population
• A population is a group of similar
organisms in the same area.
• Above the organism is the population.
• All the members of one species that live
in the same area make up a population.
 Populations
Birth rate—rate at which
individuals are born into
the environment
Population growth—when
the birthrate is greater
than its death rate
Population decline—when
death rate exceeds
birthrate
 Populations
Immigration—the
movement of individuals
into an area.
Emigration—movement of
individuals out of an area
 Density-dependent factors
Density-dependent factors—limiting factor
that depends on population size
• Include:
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Parasitism
4. Disease
 Human population
Human populations start with high birth and
death rates.
As countries modernize medicine and
sanitation improves and the death rate goes
down.
Age-structure
diagrams graphs
people by age
and gender
Human population
 Impact of people on Earth
• Urban development—
consumes farmland and
natural habitats
• Can place additional
stress on animal and
plant populations
• Industrial growth—
certain kinds of
industrial processes
pollute air, water, and
soil.
 Populations
• Carrying
capacity—
the largest
number of
individuals
that a given
environment
can support.
• Exponential growth—when
individuals in a population
reproduce at a constant rate
• Under ideal conditions with
unlimited resources, a
population will grow
exponentially.
• Bacteria vs. Elephants
 Ecologists Study Relationships
– Levels of Organization
• Population: group of same species living in one area

Populatio
Populatio n
n
Organis
m Organis
m
 Ecologists Study
Organism:
Relationships
individual living
thing/Functioning together
with great precision, the
organ systems make up the
complex multicellular
organism. Organisms
interact to form still more
complexOrganis
levels of biological
organization.
m Organis
m
 Levels of Organization
Level Examples Special consideration
Organism One single individual Serves as a representative of the
species and describes overall form and
function of an organism
Organ A specialized functional The nervous system or immune system
system system of an organism of an animal
Organ A specialized structural The brain or the thymus of an animal
system of an organism
Tissue A specialized The nervous tissue and epithelial tissue
substructure of an organ are both part of the brain
Cell A single cell A neuron, a skin cell, a root cell,
bacteria, yeast, paramecium
Molecule A single large or small Molecules are the smallest part of
. molecule such as a biological systems; they can be studied
protein, DNA, sugar or for their chemical, physical properties,
fatty acid but are of particular interest for their role
they play in biological systems
IN AN ECOSYSTEM
Organisms live in a Habitat and fit into a
. Niche of the environment
Habitat- an area where an organism lives
Niche- an organisms role in its environment
The Long Version  full range of physical
and biological conditions in which an
organism lives and the way in which the
organism uses those conditions. Includes
where in the food chain it is, where an
organism feeds
Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a
niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.
.
A. Species dispersal contributes to the
distribution of organisms

 Dispersal refers to the process of

distribution of individuals within
geographic population boundaries.
• Question: Is the distribution of a species
limited by dispersal, i.e. by movement of
the organisms?
• Answer can be obtained by transplant
experiments.
A. Species dispersal contributes to the
distribution of organisms

 If the transplant is successful, then the organisms

just haven’t reached the target area.
 If the transplant is not successful, then other
factors limit the distribution of the organisms,
such as competitors, lack of a food source, etc.
B. Behavior and habitat selection contribute
to the distribution of organisms

1. Organisms may not occupy all potentially

suitable habitat. Why?
a. Evolution doesn’t lead to perfect
organisms.
b. Evolution is an ongoing
process. Environments change, but it
takes a while for organisms to respond.
•

•
B. Behavior and habitat selection contribute
to the distribution of organisms

C. Biotic factors affect distribution

Organisms required for potential
community members to colonize may be
lacking.
Pollinators, prey, predators that limit
competition
 Abiotic components
.
Abiotic components

Substrate Air, water, soil

Atmosphere Gases, particles
Landscape Topography, physical
structures
Physical structures Surfaces, restrictions
Climate Temperature, humidity, air
movement, radiation, air, pressure,
precipitation
.