Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof Dr.IR.Soemarno,M.S .
Jurusan Tanah FP UB Febr 2012
UDARA TANAH
Udara yang berada dalam ruang pori‐pori
tanah (merupakan fraksi gas dalam sistem
dispersi)
Fungsinya : sebagai sumber : O2 , CO2 , N2
http://www.answers.com/topic/soil-
air#ixzz1mP6ZjavG
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
KEPEKAAN TANAMAN
Kepekaan tanaman terhadap O2 tanah/aerasi :
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_soil_air_important#i
xzz1mP6xpcrT
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
AERASI TANAH
Pengharkatan kondisi aerasi :
Vs + Va + Vw = 1
1 – Vs = Va + Vw
Va + Vw = porositas total ( n )
n = ( 1 – bv/bj ) x 100%
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_it_importan
t_for_air_to_get_into_soil#ixzz1mP7KzWEA
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
KAPASITAS UDARA EFEKTIF
Kapasitas udara/aktual/efektif :
bagian ruang pori tanah yang terisi udara,
dinyatakan dalam % volume tanah
n – Vw = { n – (%KL x BV)}
Vw = %KL x BV
Kapasitas udara selalu berfluktuasi tergantung :
KL tanah
Struktur tanah
Permukaan air tanah (GROUNDWATER)
Soil Pore
For plant roots and animals to move through it and
for the animals to breath.
It is important because the microorganisms living in
under the soil take these oxygen.It is also important
for anaerobic respiration.You will also find that the
earthworms live under the soil takes oxygen deep
below in the soil.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_it_important_for_soil_to_
have_air_spaces_in_it#ixzz1mP7erq1X
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
KAPASITAS AERASI TANAH
Kapasitas aerasi/porositas aerasi/porositas non
kapiler :
f = Vf / Vt
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm….
Diunduh 7/2/2012
FAKTOR KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
Faktor‐faktor yang mempengaruhi komposisi
udara tanah :
Iklim
Sifat tanah seperti tekstur, struktur, tinggi permukaan
air tanah
Sifat tanaman
Keterdapatan tanaman mengurangi kadar O2
dan menambah CO2, bo dan kegiatan jasad
renik CO2 > (jika aerob), CH4 > (jika anaerob).
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Secara riil komposisi udara tanah dibanding
udara atmosfer, sebagai berikut
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
PERTUKARAN UDARA
Komposisi tersebut selalu berubah‐ubah
tergantung beberapa faktor yaitu :
Kecepatan pertukaran udara tanah dan
atmosfer, tergantung :
o Tanah : tekstur, struktur, B.O, KL, suhu
o Iklim : angin, tekanan udara, & suhu
o Kedalaman dari muka tanah
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm….
Diunduh 7/2/2012
Pertukaran Udara Tanah/Pembaruan
Komposisi Udara Tanah
Pertukaran udara tanah & udara atmosfer dapat
terjadi karena adanya gerakan udara.
Ada 3 faktor yg mempengaruhi pembaruan
udara dalam tanah; yaitu :
Proses difusi
Aliran masa gas
Air hujan
J = - D dC/dX
where J is the diffusive flux density of the gas (oxygen in
this example) (mg/m2/s) along the x-axis, C is oxygen
concentration in the soil air (units are g/m3), x is distance
along x-axis (m), dC/dx is the oxygen concentration
gradient (g/m4), and D is the (oxygen) diffusion coefficient
(m2/s).
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm….
Diunduh 7/2/2012
DIFUSI GAS
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm….
Diunduh 7/2/2012
ALIRAN MASSA GAS
Aliran Massa Gas
terjadi karena perbedaan tekanan total
udara dalam tanah dan udara atmosfer, hal ini
terjadi kalau :
Suhu tanah berubah
Lengas tanah
Kecepatan angin di atas tanah berubah
http://www.hissan.co.jp/business/moda/e_index.html ….
Diunduh 14/2/2012
AIR HUJAN
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
PENGARUH AERASI (TATA UDARA) DALAM
TANAH
Methan
Amonia
H2S
N2
Nitrit
Senyawa‐senyawa ferro
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
PENGELOLAAN UDARA TANAH
Pengelolaan udara tanah ditujukan untuk
mempercepat proses difusi dan aliran
massa gas, dengan usaha :
http://www.uraniumresources.com/isr-technology/photo-gallery
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
UDARA TANAH - PENGELOLAAN
Tindakan‐tindakan yang dapat dilakukan :
Menghindari terbentuknya lapisan cadas
serta pemampatan tanah
Pengolahan tanah yang tepat
Penambahan B.O. ke dalam tanah
Pemberian mulsa
Perbaikan drainase.
http://www.extension.org/pages/18634/use-of-tillage-in-organic-
farming-systems:-the-basics …. Diunduh 14/2/2012
Tanah yang AERASI nya baik adalah
AERASI tanah yg mengandung gas tersedia dalam
TANAH jumlah dan perbandingan yang tepat bagi
jasad aerobik yang hidup dan mampu
menunjang berlangsungnya proses
metabolik yg esensial bagi jasad tsb pd
kecepatan yg optimum
(C) + O2 CO2
MASALAH Penyebab buruknya aerasi tanah:
AERASI 1. Kandungan air tanah yg berlebihan shg
TANAH tidak menyisakan ruangan untuk gas/
udara
2. Pertukaran gas tidak cukup cepat unt
mempertahankan kadarnya pd tingkat
tertentu.
% volume:
Tempat O2 CO2
N2
Udara tanah:
New York 15.10 4.50
81.40
Inggris 20.65 0.25
79.20
Udara Atmosfer
Inggris 20.97
79.00
Lempung berdebu
tanah bera
180
Waktu sampling 10 20 % O2 udra tnh
AERASI & Jasad Mikro
KEGIATA 1. Aerasi buruk menurunkan oksidasi bahan
N organik tanah
2. Penurunan ini lebih disebabkan oleh
BIOLOGIS
kekurangan O2
3. Populasi jasad renik sangat terpengaruhi
olh aerasi
4. Aerasi buruk mendorong aktifitas jasad
anaerob dan fakultatif, menghasilkan
senyawa reduksi, fero, mangano, sulfida
Adaptasi Tanaman-Tanah :
1. Pohon buah-buahan dan tanaman berakar dalam
memerlukan solum tanah yang dalam (tebal),
aerasinya baik, dan sangat peka terhadap
kekurangan oksigen dalam tanah
2. Pengelolaan tanaman ditentukan oleh baik-
buruknya aerasi tanah
SUHU Suhu tanah sangat vital bagi aktivitas
TANAH biologis dalam tanah, termasuk
pertumbuhan akar tanaman.
Proses nitrifikasi baru dapat berlangsung
kalau suhu tanah telah mencapai 5oC, batas
optimumnya 27 - 33oC
Sumber: http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm
SERAPAN Jumlah panas yg diserap tanah ditentukan oleh
radiasi efektif yg mencapai permukaan tanah
&
dan iklim
KEHILANG
AN PANAS Jumlah energi yg masuk tanah dipengaruhi oleh:
1. Warna tanah: gelap menyerap lebih banyak
energi
2. Lereng:
3. Tanaman penutup tanah: Hutan vs. tanah
gundul
Tanah gundul lebih cepat memanas dan mendingin
Thermal Admittance
Source: Lesley Dampier
PANAS Panas jenis tanah: Jumlah panas yang
JENIS diperlukan oleh satu gram tanah untuk
TANAH menaikkan suhunya satu derajat celcius.
Panas jenis tanah kering lebih rendah
dibandingkan dg tanah basah
Tanah kering : PJ = 0.20
Kadar air 20% : PJ = 0.33
Kadar air 30% : PJ = 0.38
Thermal Conductivity
Source: Lesley
Dampier
PANAS Penguapan air tanah memerlukan sejumlah
PENGUAP energi panas
AN Untuk menguapkan 1 g air pada 20oC
diperlukan panas 585 kalori.
Penguapan 0.452 g air memerlukan 265
kalori.
Bila semua panas ini diambil dari tanah dan
air, maka tanah sedalam 30 cm menjadi
dingin dan suhunya sama dengan -2oC.
Heat Capacity
Source: Lesley
Dampier
GERAKAN Energi panas masuk ke dalam tanah melalui
PANAS proses konduksi, sehingga kadar air tanah
DALAM sangat menentukan laju konduksi ini.
TANAH Energi panas lebih mudah menjalar dari tanah ke
air dibandingkan dari tanah ke udara
Heat Capacity
Source: Lesley
Dampier
SUHU Suha tanah pada suatu saat tergantung pada
TANAH nisbah energi panas yang diserap dan
yang hilang
Suhu tanah juga tergantung kedalaman
tanah
Suhu tanah. oC
15 20 25 30 35
Soil
depth
cm 60
Januari Juli
Suhu
oC Kedalaman tanah 1.5 cm Kedalaman tanah
15 cm
38
tanpa mulsa
Dengan mulsa
Tanpa
mulsa
Dengan
mulsa
Sumber:
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/interaction/water_air.
htm
‘Goose’ Your Lawn for Good
Soil Health
By Shayne Hale June 2, 2011
Sumber: http://anewscafe.com/2011/06/02/goose-your-lawn-for-good-soil-
health/
Lawn Aeration for a Greener, Thicker, Healthier
Lawn!
More Benefits of Lawn
Aeration
Pemadatan
tanah berarti
tanah menjadi
lebih padat,
porositasnya
berkurang,
sehingga
jumlah dan
pergerakan
udara dalam
tanah juga
terbatas.
Mass Flow
Movement of a mass of air (gases
move together
Driven by gradients in total
pressure differences
Caused by changes in temperature
(ideal gas law)
Caused by movement of water
downward
Diurnal flow of air in upper few
inches (soil breath?)
Diffusion
Each gas moves down gradients of its
own concentration
Even with no overall pressure
difference
O2 and CO2 diffusing past each
other in opposite directions
Sumber;
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Weeks13Soil%20Air%20&%20Tem
p/aastart14.htm
Function of concentration gradient and resistance
Sumber;
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Weeks13Soil%20Air%20&%20T
emp/aastart14.htm
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Aerasi
1. Excess Moisture -
diffusion of water
very slow through
water
5. Impermeable Layers
7. Rate of O2 consumption
(high labile OM content)
Sumber;
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Weeks13Soil%20Air%20&%20T
emp/aastart14.htm
POTENSIAL REDOKS (Eh)
Sumber;
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Weeks13Soil%20Air%20&%20Tem
p/aastart14.htm
Structure of soil, indicating presence of bacteria, inorganic,
and organic matter, water, and air. Image from Purves et al.,
Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer
Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com).
Macropores
(d>0.08mm) occur
between aggregates
(interped pores) or
individual grains in
coarse textured soil
(packing pores) and
may be formed by soil
organisms
(biopores). They allow
ready movement of air
and the drainage of
water and provide space
for roots and organisms
to inhabit the soil.
SUMBER:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPLANTHOR
M.html
TEKSTUR TANAH:
THE KEY TO MANAGEMENT OF SOIL – PLANT – WATER
RELATIONSHIP
Soil is the
voluminous upper
part of the earth crust
that consists of
unconsolidated
inorganic particles
and organic
fragments with pore
spaces between and
within them.
.SUMBER: http://www.ecoconsulting.com/balance.htm
Perbandingan antara komposisi udara tanah
dan atmosfir
Sumber:
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp04.aspx
Kandungan O2 dan CO2 pada berbagai kedalaman
tanah (Trinidad)
Sumber:
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp04.aspx
UDARA TANAH
Air can fill soil pores as water drains or is removed
from a soil pore by evaporation or root absorption.
The network of pores within the soil aerates, or
ventilates, the soil.
Sumber:
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp04.aspx
ARTMOSFER TANAH
The soil atmosphere is not uniform throughout the soil
because there can be localized pockets of air.
The relative humidity of soil air is close to 100%, unlike most
atmospheric humidity.
Air in the soil often contains several hundred times more
carbon dioxide.
Sumber: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp04.aspx
KOMPONEN UTAMA TANAH ADALAH:
Air, Udara, Rocks, Minerals, Nutrients, Organic
Matter, Well-decomposed organic matter – Humus,
Organisms
Sumber: http://www.blogdivvy.com/growing-vegetables/what-is-
soil.htm
SIFAT OLAH TANAH
Sumber: http://rbmc.com.au/aerway.htm
PORI DAN UDARA TANAH
There is a dynamic
equilibrium between water
and air content within a soil.
When water enters the soil,
it displaces air from some of
the pores.
Sumber:
Sumber:
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil2
http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil2
00/components/air.htm
00/interaction/water_air.htm
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
Sumber: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm
PERGERAKAN GAS DALAM
TANAH
Ada dua mekanisme yang memfasilitasi pertukaran
gas antara TANAH dan ATMOSFIR:
Sumber: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm
PERGERAKAN GAS DALAM
TANAH
J = - D dC/dX
Sumber: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm
PERGERAKAN GAS DALAM
TANAH
The oxygen diffusion coefficient (D) for diffusion in air is
about 10,000 times as large as the coefficient for diffusion in
water.
Sumber: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm
POROSITAS TANAH
f = Vf / Vt
Sumber: http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/components/air.htm
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
Sumber:
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=283
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
Sumber:
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=283
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
JENIS TANAMAN:
Plant roots require oxygen, which they take from the soil air
and deplete the concentration of oxygen in the soil air. Soils
on which crops are grown contain more CO2 than fallow
lands.
The amount of CO2 is usually much greater near the roots of
plants than further away. It may be due to respiration by roots.
http://journeytoforever.org/farm
_library/howardAT/AT9b.html
Sumber:
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=283
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KOMPOSISI
UDARA TANAH
AKTIVITAS MIKROBA TANAH:
The microorganisms in soil require oxygen for respiration and
they take it from the soil air and thus deplete its concentration
in the soil air.
Decomposition of organic matter produces CO2 because of
increased microbial activity. Hence, soils rich in organic
matter contain higher percentage of CO2.
http://www.extension.org/pages/18657/soil-
microbial-nitrogen-cycling-for-organic-farms
Sumber:
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=283
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
VARIASI MUSIMAN:
Sumber:
http://www.agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=283
GAS DALAM TANAH
The air space in soil contains oxygen to provide for respiration of
plant roots and soil organisms. This air space could also contain
carbon dioxide as a product of respiration of plant roots and soil
organisms.
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
THE EFFECT OF SOIL WATER AND
AERATION ON SEED GERMINATION
S. DASBERG and K. MENDEL
The Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research
Bet Dagan, Israel
Received January 25, 1971.
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
ISHS Acta Horticulturae 563: International Conference on
Environmental Problems Associated with Nitrogen Fertilisation
of Field Grown Vegetable Crops
EFFECT OF SOIL AERATION ON NITROGEN
AVAILABILITY AND GROWTH OF SELECTED
VEGETABLES-PRELIMINARY RESULTS
H. Heuberger, J. Livet, W. Schnitzler
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
REDOX POTENTIAL IN IRRIGATED DESERT SOILS AS
AN INDICATOR OF AERATION STATUS
B. D. Meek and L. B. Grass
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
THE IMPACT OF SOIL COMPACTION ON SOIL
AERATION AND FINE ROOT DENSITY OF Quercus
palustris
G Watson, P Kelsey
Urban Forestry Urban Greening (2006)
Volume: 4, Issue: 2, Pages: 69-74
The soil around Quercus palustris trees, 30cm (11.8in) average
diameter breast height (DBH) were treated by compaction (C) or C plus
clay slurry (CS) treatments in November 1994 and repeated in May
1996. Soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), fine root density (FRD), DBH,
twig growth, leaf area and dieback were monitored for 4 years
beginning in 1996. Both compaction treatments significantly reduced
ODR at 15cm. Early each season, ODR was below the 0.20g/cm2/min
threshold level reported to inhibit root growth in several species Stolzy,
L.H., Letey, J., 1964. Correlation of plant response to soil oxygen
diffusion rates. Hilgardia 35, 567-576 for all treatments and depths. In
summer each year, ODR was adequate in the shallow soils of all
treatments, though often still significantly lower in compacted soils. At
30cm, there were no consistent differences in ODR between compacted
and uncompacted soil. Significant differences in FRD due to
compaction treatments were inconsistent and limited to the upper 9cm
of soil in years 2 and 3. Reduced FRD in compacted soils may be a
response to the reduced ODR in spring. There were no differences in
DBH, twig growth, leaf area or dieback rating. Given the minimal
difference in root growth, the lack of differences in top growth are
understandable. This controlled study, and others preceding it, have
failed to clearly show the underlying causes of tree decline and death
commonly associated with soil compaction and addition of fill soil in
real landscapes.
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
KOMPOSISI UDARA TANAH
Other gases:
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Tendency of a substance to accept or donate electrons
Oxidation-reduction potential a way to characterize
aeration Eh
Redox potential
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI REDOKS
Soil heterogeneity
– Profile
– Tillage
– Macroporocity
– Plant roots
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
EFEK EKOLOGIS REDOKS
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
POTENSIAL REDOKS DAPAT DILIHAT DARI
INDIKATOR:
Vegetasi:
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
WETLAND – LAHAN YANG AERASINYA
BURUK
Vegetation:
More than 50% of the dominant species are
hydrophytic plants (aerenchyma tissues typical)
Hydrology:
Seasonally inundated and/or saturated for
consecutive days > 12.5% of growing season
• Rain:
– Summer rains cool the soil
– Spring rains warm the surface but,
overall, make the soil cooler and harder to warm
(high specific heat of water determines the rate at
which soil warms in the spring).
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
AERASI TANAH
Ventilation of soil allowing gases to be exchanged
with atmosphere
Proses pertukaran ags terjadi melalui:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969799000157
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Oksidasi
Loss of electrons
Fe+2 Fe+3
e-
-26 -25
+28
+28
Fe+2 Fe+3
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
REDUKSI
Gain of electrons
Fe+3 Fe+2
e-
-26 -25
+28
+28
Fe+2 Fe+3
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Bentuk-bentuk oksidator-reduktor
Iron Fe+2 (ferrous)
Fe+3 (ferric)
Nitrogen N+3 in NH+4 (ammonium)
N+5 in NO3- (nitrate)
Manganese Mn+2 (manganous)
Mn+4 (manganic)
http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/15_redox/redox.php
…. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Bentuk-bentuk oksidasi dan reduksi
Sulfur S-2 (sulfide) …. Red
SO4-2 (sulfate) ….. Oks
Carbon CH4 (methane) …. Red
CO2 …….Oks
http://www.biology.ufl.edu/permafrostcarbon/anaerobic_aerobic.html
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
REAKSI OKSIDASI-REDUKSI
Oxidation reduction reactions (redox for short) are the core of energy
supply in batteries. In short, when a battery is supplying energy, redox
reactions are occurring that are converting chemical energy into
electrical energy. Chemical energy refers to energy stored in the bonds
between atoms. Some bonds require more energy to form than others.
When these high energy bonds break and new lower energy molecules
are formed in a redox reaction, the energy difference is released.
Batteries operate by harnessing that released energy and using it to drive
electrical devices.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookenzym.htm
l …. Diunduh 14/2/2012
REAKSI OKSIDASI
electrons that could potentially be transferred to others
Fe+2 Fe+3
H+ ions formed
http://www.ru.nl/tracegasfacility/life_science_trace/plant_physiology/m
ethane_oxidation/ …. Diunduh 14/2/2012
RESPIRASI AEROBIK
Electron
Electron donor
acceptor
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
To determine Eh
Insert electrode in soil solution:
– free dissolved oxygen present : Eh stays same
– oxygen disappears, reduction (electron gain)
takes place and probe measures degree of
reduction ( mv)
– As organic substances are oxidized (in
respiration) Eh drops as sequence of reductions
(electron gains) takes place.
http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/oxides.htm …. Diunduh
14/2/2012
Bentuk-bentuk oksidasi dan reduksi hara
Oxidized form Reduced form Eh (v)
O2 H2O .38 - .32
NO3-1 N2 .28 - .22
Mn+4 Mn+2 .22 - .18
Fe+3 Fe+2 .11 - .08
SO4-2 S-2 -.14 - -.17
CO2 CH4 -.2 - -.28
http://wvlc.uwaterloo.ca/biology447/modules/module8/soil/chap2d.htm
…. Diunduh 14/2/2012
AERASI TANAH - MIKROBA DEKOMPOSER
http://www.wtert.eu/default.asp?Menue=13&ShowDok=12 …. Diunduh
7/2/2012
AERASI TANAH - PENYIANGAN
http://www.agrisilk.com/Budidaya/murbei/Pemupukan.html ….
Diunduh 14/2/2012
Organic Matter Decomposition Pathways for
Anaerobic Respiration.
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110913155219&typ
e_id=2 …. Diunduh 7/2/2012
Organic Matter Decomposition Pathways for
Aerobic Respiration.
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110913155219&typ
e_id=2 …. Diunduh 7/2/2012
AERASI TANAH
Soil aeration is one of the most important factors affecting
turf health. Poor aeration can lead to root death. The
black layer often found in putting greens is due to poor
aeration.
Aerasi tanah dapat diperbaiki dengan jalan memperbaiki
struktur tanah dan pengolahan tanah.
http://ilmutanah.unpad.ac.id/glossary/Glossary-1/A/Aerasi-tanah-7/ ….
Diunduh 12/2/2012
PEMADATAN TANAH
Soil compaction occurs when forces, such as tire or foot
traffic, compress the soil and alter pore structure.
Bulk density increases, macropores decrease, infiltration
decreases, aeration decreases.
Compaction is most a problem when soils are wet. A
similar problem is caused by shearing forces or puddling
of soil surfaces.
http://yogoz.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/pemadatan-tanah-2/ ….
Diunduh 12/2/2012
PEMADATAN TANAH
…. Diunduh 12/2/2012
PENDANGIRAN TANAH
Cultivation before planting is pretty easy, as long
as the soil is not too wet.
Cultivation after planting is the basis of an entire
equipment industry.
Pieces include hollow and solid tine aerifiers,
water injectors, air injectors, slicers, spikers,
wing blades, and Klingon disruptor beams.
http://www.gunungmadu.co.id/index.php?modul=artikel&id=utama&ko
debrt=kultivasi&colvis=false …. Diunduh 12/2/2012
I. Process of Soil Aeration
A. O2 availability in field
1. soil macroporosity
(texture/structure)
2. soil water content (proportion of
porosity filled with air)
3. O2 consumption by respiring
organisms (plant roots and
microbes)
B. Excess Moisture
1. water saturated/waterlogged:
condition when all or nearly all of
the soil pores are filled with H2O
2. adaption
C. Gas exchange
1. mass flow
2. diffusion (Fig. 7.3)
PROSES DIFUSI GAS
Dynamic observations were carried out on arable grey
forest soil under barley. Fifteen parameters were
determined continuously for 44 days: gas composition of
soil air with membrane probes, plant photosynthetic
activity and dark respiration separately for soil and plants
by the chamber method, microbial biomass by kinetic
method, number of protozoa by direct microscopy, standing
crop of the above- and belowground phytomasses, content
of soluble organic matter in soil, moisture and temperature
of soil, insolation and precipitation.
A. Composition
1. O2
2. CO2 (Fig. 7.8)
3. other gases
B. Air-filled porosity
1. ideal composition
2. O2 diffusion through
water<<<<<air
C. Chemical redox potential
1. redox rxns
2. role of O2
3. other e- acceptors (Table 7.1)
KONSENTRASI CO2 DALAM
UDARA TANAH
…. Diunduh 12/2/2012
Other e- acceptors
FAKTOR AERASI TANAH
A. Drainage
B. Rates of respiration
D. Soil heterogeneity
E. Seasonal differences
F. Effects of vegetation
…. Diunduh 12/2/2012
FAKTOR AERASI TANAH
A. Drainage
1. Why are macropores important to soil
aeration?
B. Rates of respiration
2. What management activities can alter
soil air composition?
C. Subsoil vs. topsoil
3. Why do subsoils have lower O2
concentrations than surface soils?
D. Soil heterogeneity
4. How do O2 and CO2 concentrations
change within a profile?
5. What effect does tillage have on
aeration?
E. Seasonal differences
6. Contrast spring vs. summer soil aeration.
F. Effects of vegetation
7. What is an effect of one specific type of
vegetation on soil aeration?
UDARA
TANAH