Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics
• Types of generators
• Main components, their significance
• Important parameters, characteristics
• Generator specifications
• Speed governor
• Parallel operation of generators
• Voltage regulation and power factor control
• Generator power management
• Generator protection
Cont…
Topics
• Generator failure modes
• Winding Insulation testing and interpretation
– Insulation resistance
– Dielectric strength
– Tan delta
• Winding resistance testing
• Infrared Thermography
• Partial discharge testing
• Vibration analysis
Types of Generators
• Based on construction
– Salient pole generator
– Turbo generator
• Based on Prime mover
– Engine generator
– Gas turbine generator
– Steam turbine generator
– Hydro turbine generator
Types of Synchronous Machines
Salient pole machine
• Winding concentrated in
rotor poles
• Non-uniform air gap
between stator and rotor
• Applications - Hydro-
alternator, Engine-
alternator
Types of Synchronous Machines (cont…)
Damper bars
Salient Pole Rotor
• Projecting poles at rotor circumference
• Poles bolted/dovetailed to rotor magnetic body
• Large diameters, short axial lengths
• Laminated poles and pole shoes
• Field windings wound around salient poles
• Mostly used in slow speed machines
• Pole shoes provided with damper bars
Cylindrical Rotor
• where
• Slope sp is often quoted in kW/Hz or MW/Hz
Droop Control Principle
Prime Mover Governor
• Controls prime mover speed
• Directly affects real load (watt) sharing
characteristics
• Type:
– Isochronous load sharing type
– Speed droop type
• Governor will typically hold steady state speed
within ±2.5%
Prime Mover Governor
• Controls fuel inlet valve or fuel pump for
proportional control, which regulates speed
(generator frequency) and power generated
• Directly affects real load (watt) sharing
characteristics
• Governor will typically hold steady state speed
within specified limits
Prime Mover Governor
• Uses mechanical and hydraulic signals for regulating
fuel rack position to control speed
• Coupled to generator shaft to obtain speed input signal
• Can also obtain speed signal by non contact
transducers
• Can provide electrical output signal for speed control
• Mechanical back-up in event of electronic failure
Governor Control
• Only one generator set in isochronous mode to
provide frequency reference for System
• Other units connected in droop mode to avoid
conflict, excessive loading and unloading between
units
• Droop mode used universally for generators
connected in large Power System
• Isochronous mode not effective in large power
systems
Prime Mover Governor
(Electronic Speed Control)
• Consists of Speed control unit, Actuator
• Speed control unit:
– Prime mover speed monitored by non-contact magnetic
pickup on shaft
– Sensor output signal freq. proportional to shaft speed
– Provides output to actuator based on input speed signal
and reference
• Actuator
– Changes fuel rack position based on electrical signal
received from speed control unit
Parallel Operation Between Generators
Parallel Operation Between Generators
• Multiple source power system - Two or more
generators supplying power to common electric
network
• To increase available power
• Run in synchronism with each other
• Performance of every generator affects performance of
others
• Synchronizing current due to vector difference between
voltages
Parallel Operation Between Generators
• To provide reliable power to critical loads
• Obtain permission from Utility if need to operate in
parallel with Utility
• Provide necessary synchronizing devices, protective
relays (Reverse power relay, Vector surge relay etc)
Parallel Operation Between Generators
• Power flow patterns, transient behavior more
complex
• Total active (real) power generated = Total active
power consumed by loads
• Active load sharing – Function of Prime mover and
governor setting
• Reactive load sharing – excitation levels and rated
MVA
Parallel Modes of Operation
• Island parallel mode
– Generators sharing a common load, higher than
capacity of a single set
Cont…
Voltage Variation with Step Loads
• Prolonged voltage dips can affect motor starting
performance
• Starting torque of motor proportional to square of
applied voltage - Voltage dip to 80% would result in 64%
of motor torque
• Difficulty in motor startup – Inability to start, prolonged
startup duration
• Effects: Damage to motor, tripping of generator, tripping
of motors connected to system etc.
Regulator Performance during Step Loading
• Constant Voltage Regulator
– Field current forcing to saturation to maintain
voltage
– Engine overloading – Engine may not recover during
overloads
• Volts/Hz Regulator
– Control voltage to follow frequency proportionally
to permit engine recovery during block overloads
– Minor changes in voltage controlled by gain control
Voltage Regulators
Constant Volts vs Volts/Hz Regulator
AVR Operation Modes
• Droop mode
• Power factor control mode
• Cross current compensation mode
Voltage Droop Operation Principle
• Generator excitation current adjusted in
accordance with increase in load
• Compensation adjustment: Generator voltage
reduces few percent from no load to full load
• Droop principle used both in island operation
mode and parallel operation mode
Voltage Droop Control with AVR
Reactive Load Control of Generator
• Active load controlled by speed regulator or
electronic load distribution
• Reactive load controlled by static device or
power factor regulator
• To prevent reactive power overload of
generator, generator voltage must be lowered at
increasing reactive load
Reactive Power Sharing of Parallel Generators
• Depends on voltage droop vs load settings of
AVRs
• Normally voltage droop is 2% to 3% of nominal
voltage
• Accuracy of generator o/p voltage under steady
loading conditions is +1%
Reactive Power Sharing of Parallel Generators
• Demand factor =
Diversity Factor
• Most loads are turned on/off randomly
− Probability of all customers experiencing same peak demand
simultaneously is small
− Probability decreases as number of customers increases
• Distribution systems can be designed to supply less power than
sum of individual customer peak demands
• Diversity factor: Ratio of sum of individual customer peak
demands to peak system demand
Diversity factor =
Demand Factor and Diversity Factor
Calculations
There are four individual feeders having connected loads of 250
kVA, 300 kVA, 350 kVA and 100 kVA. Demand factors for these are
80%, 70%, 75% and 90% respectively. Diversity factor is 1.6.
Calculate:
1) Total demand of loads
2) Size of transformer required to supply these loads
Demand Factor and Diversity Factor -
Calculations
Solution:
Calculating demand for Feeder loads
250 kVA x 80% = 200 kVA
300 kVA x 70% = 210 kVA
350 kVA x 75% = 262.5 kVA
100 kVA x 90% = 90 kVA
Vector Surge
Vector Surge Relay
Applied for two types of systems:
• Only parallel operation of generator with Utility
without island operation:
– Relay trips generator breaker during Utility failure
– No power supplied by generator to loads
• Parallel operation and island operation: Relay trips
breaker connecting generator and Utility, permitting
generator supply to site critical loads
Vector Surge Relay
Considerations - Designing vector surge protection
scheme
• Relay acts only when it sees min change of 15% ~
20% of rated power. Utility power failure causing
lesser change may go undetected
• Generator short circuit protection relay to be
suitably time delay configured - Very low trip times
may cause relay to trip generator on seeing a short
circuit in Utility
Generator Connected to Utility
Protection Requirements
• Fault in external Utility system can be fed by plant
generator
• Need to isolate plant system at tie-point between
plant and Utility
• Circuit breaker is a MUST at incoming point
• Protection sensitive to faults in both directions
• Directional protection with different settings
Generator Connected to Utility
Earth Fault Protection
• Earth faults in incoming line must be sensed
• Special case of incoming transformer with Delta HV
winding
– Inter-tripping with utility breaker
– Open Delta PT
• Earthed star HV winding if allowed by power utility
Generator Connected to Utility
Increased Fault Level
• Impact on fault feeding capacity of system
• More serious in plant system
• Less impact on external system
• Review of ratings
Tests For Generators
• Generator failure modes
• Winding Insulation testing and interpretation
– Insulation resistance
– Dielectric strength
– Tan delta
• Winding resistance testing
• Infrared Thermography
• Partial discharge testing
• Vibration analysis