SDR Technology Implementation For The Cognitive Radio: Bruce Fette PHD

SDR Technology
Implementation for
the Cognitive Radio
Bruce Fette PhD

Chief Scientist
General Dynamics Decision Systems
bruce.fette@gdds.com
© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

April 24, 2018
Cognitive Radio* is Built on SDR*
 We must start with a Software Defined Radio as a basic

platform on which to build a Cognitive Radio
 Cognitive Radio can provide the spectral awareness
technology to support FCC initiatives in Spectral Use
*SDR and Cognitive Radio are terms coined by Dr. Joe Mitola - see appendices for references

April 24, 2018 2
Definition of SDR
 From FCC NPRM*: “We view software defined radios as the

result of an evolutionary process from purely hardware-
based equipment to fully software-based equipment. In this
regard, the process can be roughly described in three
stages
 1. Hardware driven radios: Transmit frequencies, modulation
type and other radio frequency (RF) parameters are determined
by hardware and cannot be changed without hardware changes.
 2. Digital radios: A digital radio performs part of the signal
processing or transmission digitally, but is not programmable in
the field
 3. Software Defined Radios:. All functions, modes and
applications can be configured and reconfigured by software.
*Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) 8/12/00

April 24, 2018 3
Definition of SDR - Continued
 SDR Forum:
 4. SW defines all waveform properties, cryptography and
applications, is re-programmable, and may be upgraded in
the field with new capabilities
 Importance of Standards (APIs)
 5. HW Interfaces, RF services, Operating Environment,
Application to Radio Interfaces

April 24, 2018 4
SDR Technology
 Technology fundamentals:
 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) provide virtually infinite
programmability
 All modulation, cryptography, protocols, and source coding

(voice, data, imagery) are established using software
 Many types of modulation can be accomplished over a broad

range of frequencies, thereby an SDR is capable of servicing
more than one class of service
 Field serviceable, when requirements change, upgrades and

modifications are relatively easy to execute

April 24, 2018 5
SDR Standardized Architecture Supports Both
Current and Future Applications
 FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, TDD
 AM, FM, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM, CPM, SSB, DSSS …
 DES, 3DES, AES, MeXe
 Trunked Radio, APCO-25, GSM, Iridium, 802.11..
 Tone Coded Squelch, CVSD, LPC, VSELP, AMBE, ….
It’s just a matter of software!

April 24, 2018 6
Building the Cognitive Radio using SDR Technology
- The SDR Radio is Available Now!
 SDR drives the Cognitive Radio concept that will provide the
spectral awareness technology supporting the FCC’s Spectral
Use initiatives
 SDR is a proven, flexible, COTS technology platform
 SDR Technology is in Production and Available Now
New
Announcements
Coming
Soon

April 24, 2018 7
Cognitive Radio Means “Smart” and “Alert”
 It knows where it is
 It knows what services are
available, for example, it can
identify then use empty
spectrum to communicate more
efficiently
 It knows what services interest
the user, and knows how to find
them
 It knows the current degree of
needs and future likelihood of
needs of its user
 Learns and recognizes usage
patterns from the user
 Applies “Model Based
Reasoning” about user needs,
local content, environmental
context

April 24, 2018 8
How Does a Cognitive Radio Get So Smart?
External Orient
Intelligence Infer on Context Hierarchy
Establish Priority
Normal
Plan Generate Alternatives

Sources Pre-process
Immediate
Urgent
(Program Generation)
Evaluate Alternatives
Parse
Register to Current Time
Observe Learn
Receive a Message New
Read Buttons
States
Save Global
Decide
States
Prior Alternate Resources
States
Outside
Act Initiate Process(es)
World Send a Message
Set Display
(Isochronism Is Key)
The Cognition Cycle
Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10

April 24, 2018 9
Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette That Can Be
Implemented on Existing SDR / Cognitive Radio
• Infrastructure Based Approaches

 Possible Infrastructure Reuse - spread economic support base
 Existing examples of Spectrum sharing Protocols

 A) Trunked radio
 B) Cellular spectrum borrowing
 C) Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)(demand assigned time
sharing)
 Infrastructure Supports wide Range of Spectrum Management Policies
 Match Requirements, Priorities, Spectral Mask of Owners

April 24, 2018 10
Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can Be
Implemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)
 Cognitive Radios can adopt new etiquettes for new standards
o Possible Demonstrations using existing SDRs

 Spectrum rental transactions
 Spectral Availability (Borrow) Beacon
 Local Spectrum Utilization Database Server (time, freq, code, space, power,
modulation)
• Distributed techniques - Possible Demonstrations

 Spectral Noise temperature (Kolodzy, 2002)
 RTS - CTS handshake (handshake includes local spectral activity
model at each end of link, as well as BW, packet size, TX PWR
for APC). Minimizes hidden node problem
 Underlay, Overlay, Interweave

April 24, 2018 11
 Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial
- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user
Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

April 24, 2018 12
SDR Finds Frequency - Time Opportunities
Spectral Awareness Etiquette
Deployed waveforms
Existing Signals
Detailed Signal Parameters

April 24, 2018 13
Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

April 24, 2018 14
Opportunities for Spectral Reuse Amongst Periodic Signals

April 24, 2018 15
Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

April 24, 2018 16
Time - Frequency - Space
Each Domain has Opportunities for Spectral Reuse
Transmitter forms Beam Toward Intended Recipient

Receiver forms Null Toward Interference Sources
R1,R4
T2 T1
Interfering
Signal Placed
In Null
R3,T4
T3
R3

April 24, 2018 17
Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

April 24, 2018 18
OFDM Interference Avoidance
QPSK Interference Spectrum Shaped QPSK @ 128 kbps

0
-10
Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Tx Spectrum -90
-100
0 0.5 1
Frequency (Hz)
1.5 2
x 10
2.5
6
Rcv Spectrum
-20

-40
-20
-60
-40
-80
-100 -60
-120 -80
-140
2.5 3 -100 3
2 Survive 2.5 Survive
1.5 2
2 1.5 2
1 Survive 1 Survive
0.5 0.5
6 0 1 0 1
Frequency (Hz) x 10 Normal Transmission Number 6
Frequency (Hz) x 10 Transmission Number
Normal

April 24, 2018 19
OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole

April 24, 2018 20
OFDM Carriers Selected for Use That Fall into
Available Spectrum
Spectral Adaptation Waveforms
T
I
M
E
Frequency

April 24, 2018 21

Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition

April 24, 2018 22

 Importance of Adaptive Power Control
 AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)

April 24, 2018 23
Transmitting from A -> Z : AdHoc Networking
Node Z
Node A

April 24, 2018 24

 Importance of Adaptive Power Control
 AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)

April 24, 2018 25
Timeline: SDR’s to have Cognitive Capabilities
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
5 years for
Commercial etiquettes
viability Viability to be formally
DARPA’s exploration & demonstrated standardized
Demonstrations commercial for commercial
within 1 year analysis under purposes SDR Forum can
existing within 2 year initiate early work
agreements and insert into
standards bodies as
work matures
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

April 24, 2018 26
In Conclusion
 SDR Products and Technology are a Reality

Today
 SDR Standards are Actively Being Worked today
by Standards Bodies and Organizations
 Cognitive Radios have the Ability to Implement
Protocols and Policies Beyond Traditional
Communications.
 New Realms of Knowledge and Information
Transfer are Achievable with Cognitive/SDR
Radio as the Underlying Technology Enabler

April 24, 2018 27
Appendix
 SCA Reference Architecture

 Radio Services for Application Portability
 SDR Forum Standardized Hardware Architecture
 Reference Publications

April 24, 2018 28
SCA Reference Architecture
Applications
Core Framework (CF)
OE Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
Non-CORBA Non-CORBA Non-CORBA

Modem Security Host
Applications Applications Applications
Non-CORBA Non-CORBA Non-CORBA
RF Modem API Security API Host API
Modem Modem Link, Network Security Security Security Link, Network Host Host
Applications Adapter Applications Adapter Applications Adapter Applications Adapter Applications
Modem API Link, Network API Security API Link, Network API
Core Framework IDL (“Logical Software Bus” via CORBA)
CORBA ORB & CF CORBA ORB & CF

Services Services & Services Services &
(Middleware) Applications (Middleware) Applications
POSIX Operating System POSIX Operating System
Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services
Board Support Package (Bus Layer) Board Support Package (Bus Layer)
Black (Secure) Hardware Bus Red (Non-Secure) Hardware Bus

April 24, 2018 29
Radio Services For Application Portability
JTR Set
(Ext) Operating
Environment
(Int) (Int)
(Ext) (Int)
Radio
Devices (Int) (Int)
WF Services
Apps
(Ext)
Radio Systems
Applications
(Ext)
Middleware
Services

April 24, 2018 30
SDR Forum* Standardized Hardware Architecture
BB / IF
Real/ BITS BITS Representative
RF RF Complex Cypher
ext T Key Plain Text Information
Digital/ Flow Contl Fill Flow Contl Flow
Aux Aux Aux Aux Formats
Analog
Multimedia
I/O I/O I/O I/O SEC I/O Voice
MSG
I I I I I PROCESS Data
& I/O
LINK Flow Control
AIR (R)
ANTENNA RF MODEM PROC INFOSEC
(Black) Video
(A) C (R) C (M) C (L) C (S) C Routing Network
Clock/Strobe
C C C C C C
Ref, Power
CONTROL (C)
Common
System
Aux: Special Purpose I: Information
Equipment
I/O for Antenna Diversity BB: Baseband
Remote Control/ User Control
Display Co-site Mitigation, etc. C: Control/Status
(HMI)
Ext. Ref
From Programmable Modular Communications System (PMCS) Guidance Document, 1997

*SDR Forum was established as an Industry Organization to address SDR technology on 1995

April 24, 2018 31
Reference Publications
 Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications”,

IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10
 Mitola, “Future of Signal Processing - Cognitive Radio”, Keynote, IEEE
ICASSP, May 1999
 Mitola, Maguire, “Cognitive Radio: Making SW Radios More Personal”,
IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp13-18
 Mitola, “SDR Architecture Refinement for JTRS”, Milcom 2000, pp 214-218
 Mitola, “Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective”, IEEE J

on Selected Areas in Comms, April 1999, pp 514-538
 Margulies, Mitola, “Software Defined Radio: A Technical Challenge and a

Migration Strategy”, 1998, pp551-556

April 24, 2018 32

SDR Technology Implementation For The Cognitive Radio: Bruce Fette PHD

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SDR Technology

Bruce Fette PhD

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

 We must start with a Software Defined Radio as a basic

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

 From FCC NPRM*: “We view software defined radios as the

*Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) 8/12/00

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

 All modulation, cryptography, protocols, and source coding

 Many types of modulation can be accomplished over a broad

 Field serviceable, when requirements change, upgrades and

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

It’s just a matter of software!

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Plan Generate Alternatives

The Cognition Cycle

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

• Infrastructure Based Approaches

 Existing examples of Spectrum sharing Protocols

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

 Cognitive Radios can adopt new etiquettes for new standards

o Possible Demonstrations using existing SDRs

 Spectral Availability (Borrow) Beacon

• Distributed techniques - Possible Demonstrations

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Detailed Signal Parameters

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Transmitter forms Beam Toward Intended Recipient

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

QPSK Interference Spectrum Shaped QPSK @ 128 kbps

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Spectral Adaptation Waveforms

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

© 2003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.