Department of Technical Education

Andhra Pradesh
Name : M.Ranjaya
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Civil Engineering
Institute : S.S,Govt.Polytechnic, Zaheerabad
Year/Semester : IV Semester
Subject : Construction Practice
Subject Code : C406
Topic : Roofs and Floorings,
Duration : 50 min
Sub Topic : Roof functions
Teaching Aids : PPt, Animation, Figures etc
Revised by :GVVL Satyanarayana
9C406.27 1
Objective

On completion of this period, you will be able to

• Define a truss

• Component parts of a truss, and

• Definitions of few components

9C406.27 2
Recap

In previous class, we discussed

• Definition of a roof

• Functions of a roof, and

• Major classification of roof

9C406.27 3
 Sloped roofs

• Sloped roofs are built either with wooden or steel

members

• Framed wooden members are called wooden trusses

• Framed steel members are called steel trusses

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 Truss

• It is defined as the framework, usually of triangles and

designed to support the roof covering or ceiling over

rooms.

• All members in a truss are joined with pin or riveted

connections.

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 Component parts of a truss
Ridge line Common rafter

Cleat Principal
rafter
Purlin Rise

battens
pitch tie

Span

Eaves board Fig 3 Truss

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Definitions of terms of a pitched roof

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 Principal
rafter purlin

Hip Cleat
rafter

Common
rafter
Jack
rafter

Fig. 4 9C406.27 8
 Berge board

• These are the wooden planks or boards

• These are fixed to the gable end of a roof as shown in

fig. 1

• They connects the ends of ridge, purlins and wall-plates

9C406.27 9
 Battens

• These are the thin stripes of wood

• These are fixed on the common rafters to support

roofing materials like sheets, tiles etc..

9C406.27 10
 Cleat

• These are small blocks of wood

• These are fixed on the principal rafters of trusses

• These prevents the sliding down of purlins

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 Eaves

• These are the lower edges of a roof which are projecting

beyond the supporting wall

• A thin wooden board is provided at the eves to cover the

ends of the common rafters. At the ends of eves board

the a drain trough may be provided to collect and

disposal off rain water.

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 Gable

• It is the triangular upper part of a wall formed at the

end of a pitched roof

Fig.5

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 Hip
• It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloped

surfaces at an exterior angle greater than 1800.

Fig.6

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 Pitch
• It is the inclination of sides of a roof to the horizontal
plane and is expressed as
• Angle of slope 100- 300
– By Rise per Unit span. 1 in 3 to 1 in 6

Fig.7

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 Purlin

• These are the wooden or steel horizontal members

placed horizontally on principal rafters to support the
common rafters

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 Ridge

• A wooden piece provided at the intersection of two

rafters

• It indicates the apex line of a sloping roof

• It is also known as ridge board or ridge piece

• The line of ridge piece is called ridge line

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 Span

• It is the horizontal distance between the internal faces of

walls or supports

9C406.27 18
 Effective span

• It is the distance between centre to centre of wall or

support

9C406.27 19
 Valley

• It is a depression formed at the intersection of two

sloping roofs at their junction

• The angle formed should be interior angle and is less

than 1800

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 Rafters

• Rafters are the members of timber or steel which extend

from the eaves to the ridge

• These are meant for supporting roofing material

9C406.27 21
Summary
In this period, you have learnt

• Definition of truss

• Component parts of truss, and

• Definition of few important terms

9C406.27 22
 Quiz
1) The member running from eves to ridge is

a) Principal rafter

b) Common rafter

c) Valley rafter.

d) Berge.

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2) Truss is a ______

a) Framed structure.

b) Supporting member.

c) Wooden piece.

d) Inclination of sides,

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3. The edge formed by the intersection of two slopes at
exterior angle >1800 is

a) Ridge

b) Hip

c) valley

d) Eaves

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 Frequently asked Questions
1. State the different types of roofs

2. Draw a neat sketch of a truss and label the component

parts

3. Define

a) Truss b) Rafter c) Ridge d) Hip.

9C406.27 26