Electrical Engineering Department

Udayana University

Summarized by:
Rizki Anugrah Wibowo 1004405117
I Made Agung Pranata 1204405030
Made Danu Widana 1204405033
I Kadek Arya Wiratama 1204405038
Ketut Alit Sukertha Winaya 1204405043
Bhrama Sakti Karenda Putra 1204405082
 Outlines

Introduction of Operation Amplifier (Op-Amp)

Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications

Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp

Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

 Very high differential gain +Vcc

Input 1
 High input impedance +
V o
 Low output impedance V d
Output
 Provide voltage changes 
Input 2
(amplitude and polarity)
R ~inf
in -V R ~0
cc out
 Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation Vo  GdVd
 Accumulate a very high Gd : differenti al gain normally
gain by multiple stages
ver y large, say 105
IC Product

OFFSET OUTPUT A 1 8 V+
NULL
1 8 N.C.

-IN 2 7 V+ -IN A 2  7 OUTPUT B


+
+IN 3 + 6 OUTPUT
+IN A 3  6 -IN B

OFFSET V 4 + 5 +IN B
V 4 5 NULL

DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device

Single-Ended Input

+ • + terminal : Source
V o
• – terminal : Ground
~ Vi • 0o phase change


+
V
o • + terminal : Ground
• – terminal : Source
 • 180o phase change

~
V i
Double-Ended Input

• Differential input
+
V d V o • Vd  V  V
~ • 0o phase shift change
 between Vo and Vd

+ Qu: What Vo should be if,

V
o

~ V1 V 2

~
V 2
V 1

Ans: (A or B) ?
(A) (B)
Distortion

+V =+5V cc

+5V
+
V
o
V d 0

5V

V =5V cc

The output voltage never excess the DC voltage

supply of the Op-Amp
Common-Mode Operation

• Same voltage source is applied +

at both terminals
• Ideally, two input are equally
V o

amplified 
• Output voltage is ideally zero V i ~
due to differential voltage is
zero
• Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
Note for differential circuits:
Opposite inputs : highly
amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
 Common-Mode Rejection
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Differential voltage input :
Noninverting
Vd  V  V Input +
Output
Common voltage input : Inverting 
1 Input
Vc  (V  V )
2 Common-mode rejection ratio:
Gd G
Output voltage : CMRR   20 log 10 d (dB)
Gc Gc
Vo  Gd Vd  GcVc
Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR 
Gd : Differential gain Vo = GdVd
Gc : Common mode gain
CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?

100V + 100V +
80600V 60700V
20V  40V 

Solution :

Vd 1  100  20  80V Vd 2  100  40  60V

(1) (2)
100  20 100  40
Vc1   60V Vc 2   70V
2 2
From (1) Vo  80Gd  60Gc  80600V
From (2) Vo  60Gd  70Gc  60700V
Gd  1000 and Gc  10  CMRR  20 log( 1000 / 10)  40dB
 Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain V1
+
- The gain without feedback Vo
- Equal to differential gain V2 
- Zero common-mode gain
- Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000
i1~0 +
(2) Infinite Input impedance Vo
- Input current ii ~0A i2~0 
- T- in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade op-amp
Rout
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source Vo' +
Rload
- No internal resistance
- Output impedance in series with load
- Reducing output voltage to the load Rload
- Practically, Rout ~ 20-100  Vload  Vo
Rload  Rout
 Frequency-Gain Relation

• Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC 20log(0.707)=3dB
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
• Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
• 741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.
• Unity Gain frequency f1: the
gain at unity
• Cutoff frequency fc: the gain 1
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd 0 fc f1
(frequency)
GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp having a unit
gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage differential gain Gd = 20V/mV

(Voltage Gain)
Sol: ? Hz
Gd
Since f1 = 10 MHz 0.707Gd
By using GB production equation
f1 = Gd fc
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV 10MHz

= 10  106 / 20  103 1
= 500 Hz
0 fc f1
(frequency)
 Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Ideal Practical Ideal op-amp

+ AVin
Open Loop gain A  105
Vin ~ Vout
Bandwidth BW  10-100Hz  Zout=0

Input Impedance Zin  >1M

Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100  Practical op-amp
+
Output Voltage Vout Depends only Depends slightly
Zin Zout
on Vd = (V+V) on average input Vin Vout
Vc = (V++V)/2 ~
 AVin
Differential
mode signal Common-Mode
signal
CMRR  10-100dB
Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero

For ideal Op-Amp circuit:

(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
 Noninverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+
yields, V  V
V in +
 i V
o

(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V  0 V  Vo Ra Rf
 0
Ra Rf

(3) Setting V+ = V– yields

Vi Vi  Vo Vo Rf
  0 or  1
Ra Rf Vi Ra
 v+ v+
vi + vi +
vo R1 v-
vo
v-

R2 

Ra Rf Ra Rf
Noninverting amplifier Noninverting input with voltage divider
Rf Rf R2
vo  (1  )vi vo  (1  )( )vi
Ra Ra R1  R2

v+ v+
vi + vi +
vo R1
v-
v
o
v- R 

2

Rf R
Less than unity gain
f

Voltage follower
vo  vi vo 
R2
vi
R1  R2
 Inverting Amplifier

(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf

yields, V  0 Ra


V o

(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V V ~

in +
yields, Vin  V_ Vo  V
 0
Ra Rf

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

(3) Setting V+ = V– yields dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
Vo  R f This is caused by the use of feedback
 output voltage to subtract from the input
Vin Ra
voltage.
Multiple Inputs

(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf

yields, V  0
 Va Ra

Rb
Vb
Rc V
o
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V Vc +
yields,
V_  Vo V  Va V  Vb V  Vc
   0
Rf Ra Rb Rc

(3) Setting V+ = V– yields

 Va Vb Vc  c V
Vo   R f       R f 
j

 Ra Rb Rc  j a R j
 Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex Zf
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore Za
Zf 
Supposing Vo  Vin V o
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, V ~ in +
i.e., 1
Zf 
jC
(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become: C
1 R
vo (t ) 
RC  vi (t )dt

where vi (t )  Vi e jt V
o

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?

V ~ in +
Inverting differentiator
 Op-Amp Integrator
Example:
C 0.01F
(a) Determine the rate of change +5V R
of the output voltage. 0 
100s
V
i
10 k
V o
(b) Draw the output waveform.
+
Vo(max)=10 V
Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo V 5V
 i  +5V
t RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
 50 mV/ s
0 V i
0
(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease -5V

Vo  (50 mV/ s)(100μs)  5V

-10V V o
Op-Amp Differentiator

R
C
0 
to t1 t2 V
i V
o 0
+
to t1 t2

 dV 
vo   i  RC
 dt 
Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)

Rf Practical op-amp
Ra +
 Zin Zout
V o Vin
~
Vout
Vin ~ +  AVin

 Equivalent Circuit
Rf 3 categories are considering
Ra  Close-Loop Voltage Gain
V in   Input impedance
R  R
V V o  Output impedance
+ +
 -AV
 Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V– terminal, Rf
Vin  V  V Vo  V V
Ra

  0 in
R R
Ra R Rf V V
o

By using the open loop gain, + +

 -AV
Vo   AV
 Vin Vo V V V Ra Rf
  o  o  o 0
Ra ARa AR R f AR f Vin V o

 Vin R R f  Ra R f  Ra R  ARa R V R
 Vo
Ra ARa R R f
The Close-Loop Gain, Av
Vo  AR R f
Av  
Vin R R f  Ra R f  Ra R  ARa R
 Close-Loop Gain

When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,

 Rf
Av ~
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case
 Input Impedance
Rf
Input Impedance can be regarded as, Ra

Rin  Ra  R // R V in
V R 
R V o
where R is the equivalent impedance + +
of the red box circuit, that is  -AV
V
R  R'
if
However, with the below circuit,
V  ( AV )  i f ( R f  Ro ) if Rf

V R f  Ro
 R   R
if 1 A V
+
 -AV
 Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 1 A  
R ( R f  Ro )
Rin  Ra     Rin  Ra 
 
R R f  Ro
 R f  Ro  (1  A) R
Since, R f  Ro  (1  A) R , Rin become,
( R f  Ro )
Rin ~ Ra 
(1  A)
Again with R f  Ro  (1  A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output
 Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Rf
Firstly, with figure (a), Ra
V 
Ra // R
Vo  V 
Ra R
Vo R R io
R f  Ra // R Ra R f  Ra R  R f R V
V o
+
By using KCL, io = i1+ i2  -AV
Vo V  ( AV )
io   o
R f  Ra // R f Ro
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
The output impedance, Rout is i2 R i1
Rf
Vo Ro ( Ra R f  Ra R  R f R ) V
 V V
io (1  Ro )( Ra R f  Ra R  R f R )  (1  A) Ra R +
Ra R  -AV
R and A comparably large,
Ro ( Ra  R f )
Rout ~
ARa (a) (b)