Class Presentation

On
1. Human Becoming Theory And
2. Health As Expanding consciousness
Theory
Presenter :
Ranjeeta Bai
MSN1st YEAR
Facilitator: Ms.Almas Ghaffar
Name of theorists
1. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse-
Human Becoming
Objectives
 Define background of theorist
 Introduction of theory
 Discuss Theoretical sources
 Explain major concepts of theory
 Discuss pataradigm of theory
 Discuss Critique, Strength and weaknesses
 Comparisons between two theories
 Brief background of the
theorists
 Born- (1924 ) in Pittsburg
 Education- graduate of Duquesne University in
Pittsburg
 She received her master’s and doctorate degree
from the University of Pittsburgh
 Life- faculty member of University of Pittsburg
 -Dean of the Nursing School at Duquesne
university (1977 to 1982)
Cont……

 Professor and coordinator of the center for

nursing research at Hunter College of the city
University of New York (1983 to 1993)
 Dr. Parse is founder and current editor of Nursing
Science Quarterly
 She has received two Lifetime Achievement
Awards
 She has published 9 books
Cont……..

 and more than 150 articles and editorials about

matters

 Parse has chaired over 40 doctoral dissertations,

guided over 300 students with creative research
conceptualizations, and mentored faculty and
students on qualitative and quantitative research
proposals, grant applications, and manuscripts for
publications. (Parse, 2001b, 2005, 2011b);
Cont………
-First published theory in 1981, as man-living-health
theory.

-She changed the theory name from man- living

theory to human becoming theory in 1992.
Theoretical Sources

 Parse was developed the concepts of human

becoming theory from Science of Unitary Human
Beings by Martha Rogers .
(1970)
 Introduction of human
becoming theory
Qualitative
Philosophical and
Phenomenological
Cont……..

 Focuses on quality of life

 Focuses on the interrelationship between human

beings and universe.

 To guides nurses in their practice to focus on quality

of life
 MAJOR CONCEPTS &
DEFINITIONS
(1998)
1. Meaning
2. Rhythmicity
3. Co-transcending
1. MEANING
This principle indicates that human beings structure
meaning to reality that is based on lived
experiences.
 This principle has three concepts:
 (1) imaging,
 (2) valuing, and
 (3) languaging.
2. Rhythmicity
 This principle means that human beings create
patterns in day-to-day life, and these patterns tell
about personal meanings and values.

 In the patterns of relating that people create, many

freedoms and restrictions surface with choices; all
patterns involve complex engagements and
disengagements with people, ideas, and
preferences.
Cont………..
 Concepts
 (1) revealing-concealing,
 (2) enabling-limiting, and
 (3) connecting-separating.
3.Co- transcending
 The meaning of this principle is that persons
continuously change and unfold in life as they
engage with and choose from infinite possibilities
about how to be, what attitude or approach to
have, whom to relate with, and what interests or
concerns to explore.
 Concepts
1. Powering,
2. Originating, and
3. Transforming
Major Assumptions
 1. Human becoming is structuring meaning, freely
choosing with situation.

 2. Human becoming is configuring rhythmical

human universe patterns.
Paradigm of Human Becoming
theory
1. Person
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Nursing
Cont…..
- Person- combination of biological,
psychological, sociological and spiritual factors
Unitary being in continuous, mutual interaction
with environment
Environment- Everything in person and his
experiences
Inseparable; complimentary to end evolving each
person
Health- Open process of being and becoming.
Involves synthesis of values
Cont….

 Nursing- is a science, and the performing art of

nursing is practiced in relationships with persons
(individuals, groups, and communities) in their
processes of becoming.
Applications of theory
Nursing practice
The theory guides practice for nurses who work
with families (Parse, 2009a) and with persons in
hospital settings, clinics, and community settings
(Parse, 2003, 2012b).
 Nursing education:
 Parse’s theory is used in many school of thoughts
and nursing courses at the undergraduate ,graduate
and also master level.
Cont…….
 It provide an evolving guide for nurses which are
applied in caring for and teaching their clients

 Research
 Research findings have enhanced understanding of
how people experience hope while imaging new
possibilities and how people create moments of
respite amid the anguish of grieving a loss.
Critique
 Clarity : Human becoming is an abstract and
complex school of thought that includes the
human becoming theory (the principles).

 Simplicity: Parse’s principles describe a

complex and realistic picture of human becoming
that provides a meaningful framework for
understanding the illimitability, mystery, freedom,
and paradox of human universe.
Cont………..
Generality :The theory of human becoming
changes what professionals see when they engage
with persons in practice and research.

Accessibility: The theory is useful because it

provides a meaningful foundation that is helpful
for nurses who want to live certain values in
practice and research
Cont……
 Importance: The human becoming theory
 has taken human science beliefs into service and
knowledge development in new and important
ways.
Strength and weaknesses
 Strength: Differentiates nursing from other
disciplines
 Provides guidelines of care and useful
administration
 Useful in Education
 Provides research methodologies
Cont…….
 Weaknesses:
 Rarely quantifiable results - Difficult to compare
to other research studies, no control group,
standardized questions, etc.
 Does not utilized the nursing process/diagnoses
 Negates the idea that each person engages in a
unique lived experience
 Not accessible to the novice nurse
 Not applicable to acute, emergent care
Name of theorists
Margaret Newman’s
Health As
Expanding Consciousness (1983)
Objectives
 Define background of theorist
 Introduction of theory
 Discuss Theoretical sources
 Explain major concepts of theory
 Discuss pataradigm of theory
 Discuss Critique, Strength and weaknesses
 Comparisons between two theories
Background of the Theorist
 Born: on October 10, 1933.
 EDUCATION:
 Received a B.S. in home economics and English
from Baylor University, Waco, Texas, in 1954.
 B.S. in nursing from the University of Tennessee
in 1962
 M.S. in nursing from the University of California
San Francisco in 1964
 Ph.D. in nursing science and rehabilitation
nursing from New York University in 1971
Cont………
LIFE: has held faculty position at the University
of Tennessee, New York University, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park.
 She retired as professor in the School of nursing at
the university of Minnesota in 1996.
 Newman achieved numerous honors, including
admission to the American Academy of Nursing
in 1976; the Outstanding Alumnus Award from
the University of Tennessee College of Nursing in
Memphis in 1975 and 2002;
Introduction of theory
Health : health is not only the absence of disease
and illness but also includes the manifestation of
the pattern of interactions between a person and
their environment.
Expanding consciousness : it is the awareness
that behavior has a direct effect on health
Newman’s theory explains how the person is
able to exhibit good health in spite of the presence
of disease through their behavior.
Theoretical Sources

Newman gave the concepts from Martha Rogers in

(1970) in which she describes wholeness, pattern
and unidirectionality.

.
Cont……….
 Newman’s early personal family experiences. Her
mother’s struggle with a chronic illness and her
dependency on Newman sparked an interest in
nursing.
 From that experience evolved the idea that “illness
reflected the life patterns of the person and that
what was needed was the recognition of that
pattern and acceptance of it for what it meant to
that person.”
 MAJOR CONCEPTS &
DEFINITIONS
1. Health
2. Pattern
3. Consciousness
Cont……
 Health : is not only the absence of disease and
illness but also includes the manifestation of the
pattern of interactions between a person and their
environment.

 Pattern: Pattern is information that depicts the

whole and understanding of the meaning of all of
the relationships at once.
 Intimately involved in energy exchange and
transformation(Newman, 1994).
Cont……….
 Consciousness: Consciousness is both the
informational capacity of the system and the
ability of the system to interact with its
environment

 In 1978, Newman identified three correlates of

consciousness (time, movement, and space)

 Newman emphasize the importance of examining

movement-space-time together as dimensions of
emerging patterns of consciousness.
Major Assumptions
1. Health encompasses conditions heretofore
described as illness or, in medical terms pathology
...
2. These “pathological” conditions can be considered
a manifestation of the total pattern of the
individual . . .
3. The pattern of the individual that eventually
manifests itself as pathology is primary and exists
prior to structural or functional changes .
Cont…………..
4. Removal of the pathology in itself will not
change the pattern of the individual

4. Health is an expansion of consciousness.

PARADIGMS
1. Person
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Nursing
cont…........
 Nursing: Newman emphasizes the primacy of
relationships as a focus of nursing, both nurse-
client relationships and relationships within
clients’ lives (Newman, 2008).

 Person: Persons as individuals are identified by

their individual patterns of consciousness
(Newman, 1986) and defined as “centers of
consciousness within an overall pattern of
expanding consciousness”
Cont…….
 Environment: The pattern of person
consciousness interacts within the pattern of
family consciousness and within the pattern of
community interactions (Newman, 1986).
Health: Rogers’ insistence that health and illness
are simply manifestations of the rhythmic
fluctuations of the life process is the foundation
for viewing health and illness as a unitary
process moving through variations in order-
disorder.
Acceptance by the Nursing
community
1. Practice
2. Research
3. Education
Cont…….

 Practice: In Newman’s view, the responsibility

of professional nurses is to establish a primary
relationship with the client for the purpose of
identifying meaningful patterns and facilitating the
client’s action potential and decision-making
ability
Cont……..

 Education Newman (1986) stated that ideally, a

new role is needed for the nurse in the paradigm of
the evolving consciousness of the whole. “Nurses
need to be free to relate to patients in an ongoing
partnership that is not to a particular place or time”
Cont………..

 Research: Early research with the theory

manipulated concepts of space, time, and
movement. Besides Newman, several researchers
conducted research about time, space, or
movement.
Critique
 Clarity - clarity is evident in the definitions,
descriptions, and dimensions of the concepts of
the theory.

 Simplicity – The deeper meaning of the theory

of health as expanding consciousness is complex;
The theory as a whole must be understood, not just
the isolated concepts.
Cont…….
 Generality – generalizable; has been applied in
several different cultures; applicable across the
spectrum of nursing care situations.
 Empirical Precision – – aspects of the theory
have been operationalized and tested within a
traditional scientific mode. However, quantitative
methods are limited in capturing the dynamic,
changing nature of this model. Qualitative
approaches are being developed for a full
explication of its meaning and application
Cont…….
 Derivable Consequences – The domain of
health is the nursing process. The model would be
useful for guiding nursing practice and
differentiating nursing’s area of concern; has
received recognitions regarding application to
practice
Strength and weaknesses
 Strength:
1. Can be applied in any setting
2. “Generates caring interventions”
 Weaknesses:
1. Abstract
2. Multi-dimensional
3. Qualitative
4. Little discussion on environment
 Comparison
between both theories
1. Born: on October 10, 1.Born: in 1924
1933.

2. Theory : middle- 2. theory: grand theory

range theory

3. Theory name: health 3. Theory name:

as expanding humane becoming
consciousness theory theory
 Cont………
4. Similarities: 4. Similarities:
a) inspired from Martha a) inspired from Martha
Rogers’ theory (1970) Rogers’ theory
(1970)
b) Focuses on health b) Focuses on health

c) Focuses on a) Focuses on
interrelationship interrelationship
between health and between health and
environment environment
 Cont…………..
5. Paradigm: 5. Paradigm:
a) Person: Persons as - a) Person- combination of
individuals are identified biological, psychological,
by their individual sociological and spiritual
patterns of consciousness factors
(Newman, 1986) and Unitary being in
defined as “centers of continuous, mutual
consciousness within an interaction with
overall pattern of environment
expanding consciousness”
 Cont………
b) Health: Rogers’ b) Health- Open process of
insistence that health and
being and becoming.
illness are simply Involves synthesis of
manifestations of the values
rhythmic fluctuations of
the life process is the
foundation for
viewing health and illness
as a unitary
process moving through
variations in order-
disorder.
 Cont……...
c) Environment: The
pattern of person
consciousness interacts
within the pattern of
family consciousness and
within the pattern of
community interactions
(Newman, 1986).
d) Nursing: Newman
emphasizes the primacy of
relationships as a focus of
nurse-client relationships.
c) Environment-
Everything in person and
his experiences
Inseparable;
complimentary to end
evolving each person
d) Nursing- is a science,
and the performing art of
nursing is practiced in
relationships with persons
in their processes of
becoming.
Reference
1.MARTHA RAILE ALLIGOOD
 Nursing Theorists And their Work
 8th Edition

2. Nursing theories
 The base for professional nursing practice
 6th Edition
Activity